ABVC BioPharma, Inc. (ABVC): PESTLE Analysis [Nov-2025 Updated]

You're looking for a clear, no-nonsense breakdown of the external forces shaping ABVC BioPharma, Inc. (ABVC) right now. As a clinical-stage biopharma company, their fate is tied directly to regulatory winds and capital markets. The core takeaway is that ABVC's success hinges on navigating the regulatory path in the US and securing the next tranche of capital in a tight economic environment. High interest rates are making R&D financing harder, plus the sustained inflation is pushing clinical operations costs up by an estimated 8% year-over-year. Let's dig into the Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal, and Environmental (PESTLE) factors so you can see the defintely clear path ahead.

ABVC BioPharma, Inc. (ABVC) - PESTLE Analysis: Political factors

Increased US FDA scrutiny on Phase 3 trial design, raising time-to-market risk.

The regulatory environment in the United States, driven by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is becoming more demanding, particularly as companies like ABVC BioPharma move their candidates from Phase 2 to pivotal Phase 3 trials. This scrutiny, while focused on patient safety and efficacy, translates directly into a higher time-to-market risk and increased clinical trial costs for ABVC BioPharma.

For ABVC BioPharma's lead Central Nervous System (CNS) compound, PDC-1421 (targeting Major Depressive Disorder and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), the company has submitted its Phase IIb Clinical Study Report (CSR) and is preparing for an End-of-Phase 2 meeting with the FDA to finalize the Phase III protocol. The current political climate favors a rigorous review process, as evidenced by the FDA's Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee (ODAC) voting against the applicability of a Phase 3 trial's results for another company in May 2025, citing concerns over regional differences in efficacy data and limited US enrollment. This scrutiny suggests ABVC BioPharma must design a defintely robust, globally-representative Phase 3 trial, which will require significant capital and time.

Here is a quick look at the regulatory stage for key ABVC BioPharma candidates:

• PDC-1421 (MDD/ADHD): Phase IIb CSR submitted to FDA; preparing for End-of-Phase 2 meeting.
• BLI-1401 (Pancreatic Cancer): Phase II ongoing.
• BLI-1301 (Myelodysplastic Syndromes): Phase II ongoing.

Taiwan's government incentives for biotech innovation support ABVC's regional partnerships.

Taiwan's political commitment to developing its biotech sector is a major tailwind for ABVC BioPharma, a company with significant operational and strategic ties to the region. The government views biotechnology as a key industry for national resilience and growth, backing it with substantial financial and regulatory support.

The government's budget for technology development for the next year is set to increase to NT$146.6 billion (approximately US$4.6 billion), representing a 14.9% year-over-year increase, signaling a clear policy priority. This funding supports R&D, talent cultivation, and public-private resource integration, which directly benefits ABVC BioPharma's regional strategy.

ABVC BioPharma's strategic land acquisition in Taiwan, valued at approximately $3.3 million, is a concrete step toward leveraging this supportive environment for R&D and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) expansion. This move enhances vertical integration and reduces external supply dependency, aligning perfectly with Taiwan's national strategy to build a robust, localized biotech ecosystem. Plus, the company's Q3 2025 licensing revenue of $1,275,950 from regional partners like AiBtl BioPharma, ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, and OncoX BioPharma shows the commercial value of these regional ties.

Potential for drug pricing reform legislation in the US post-election cycle.

The post-election political cycle in the US has already delivered significant, concrete drug pricing reforms that will impact ABVC BioPharma's future commercial model. The core policy is a push to lower US medicine prices to match the lowest prices offered in other developed nations, often called Most Favored Nation (MFN) pricing.

This pressure is being applied through a combination of executive actions and new legislation. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), signed on July 4, 2025, sharply impacts the Medicaid framework and restores the immediate deduction for domestic research and development (R&D) expenditures for all tax years beginning in 2025. This is a small relief for R&D costs, but the pricing pressure is intense.

The most immediate risk is the announced 100% tariff on all imported branded or patented drugs, effective October 1, 2025. While ABVC BioPharma is a clinical-stage company, this tariff sets a clear precedent: commercialized drugs manufactured outside the US are now subject to a massive cost increase. The only way to avoid this tariff is by building manufacturing facilities in the US. This mandates a costly strategic decision for ABVC BioPharma as it approaches commercialization:

Geopolitical tensions impacting global supply chains for clinical trial materials.

Geopolitical instability has shifted from a theoretical risk to a tangible cost driver in 2025, directly affecting the supply chain for clinical trial materials, including Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and bioprocessing equipment. This means higher costs and longer lead times for ABVC BioPharma's ongoing Phase 2 trials and planned Phase 3 studies.

The primary financial pressures stem from trade policy and regional conflicts:

• Tariff-Driven API Inflation: New US tariffs on pharmaceutical imports are set to increase the cost of APIs, particularly those sourced from major global suppliers like China and India, with tariffs potentially reaching up to 200% after a one-year grace period.
• Energy and Logistics Costs: Regional conflicts have contributed to volatility, with Brent crude oil prices surging to $80/barrel by June 23, 2025. This increases utility costs for contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs) and raises global freight costs.
• Logistical Delays: Ongoing issues like the Red Sea crisis and port congestion in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) and Europe continue to disrupt freight schedules and reliability, which can delay the delivery of critical clinical trial materials and push out trial timelines.

ABVC BioPharma's strategic land acquisition in Taiwan for R&D and GMP expansion is a smart, clear action to mitigate this political risk by reducing dependency on external, politically-volatile supply chains. But still, the near-term cost of running trials is rising.

ABVC BioPharma, Inc. (ABVC) - PESTLE Analysis: Economic factors

High interest rates make venture debt and clinical trial financing more expensive.

The macroeconomic environment in 2025, characterized by elevated interest rates, has increased the cost of capital, making both venture debt and equity financing more expensive for clinical-stage biopharma companies like ABVC BioPharma. The real cost of capital for the biotechnology sector is currently estimated at around 9.05%, which is a significant hurdle for funding long-term, high-risk clinical trials.

While the US Federal Reserve's interest rate cuts in September 2025 helped boost investor optimism and contributed to a Q3 2025 venture funding recovery, the overall investment climate remains constrained compared to previous years. This pressure favors companies with de-risked assets, pushing investors to concentrate larger bets on fewer, later-stage companies. For ABVC, this emphasizes the importance of its asset-light, partnership-driven model to minimize reliance on costly external financing.

Volatility in the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index (NBI) affects investor confidence and valuation multiples.

The volatility in the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index (NBI) directly impacts investor confidence and the valuation multiples applied to pre-revenue biotech firms. As of November 2025, the NBI was trading around 5,521.07, but the trailing 3-year Standard Deviation-a key measure of volatility-remains high at 16.43.

This market choppiness means that ABVC's valuation, which is largely based on pipeline potential and licensing deals, is subject to rapid shifts in investor sentiment. One clean one-liner: Market volatility makes every clinical milestone a high-stakes event.

Sustained inflation increases the cost of R&D and clinical operations by an estimated 8% year-over-year.

Sustained inflation is driving up the essential costs of research and development (R&D) and clinical operations by an estimated 8% year-over-year, impacting everything from raw materials and lab supplies to contract research organization (CRO) fees and specialized talent salaries. The industry-wide compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for R&D spending has been around 6.44%, reflecting the rising complexity and macroeconomic pressures.

ABVC BioPharma has actively mitigated this risk through disciplined cost management, evidenced by a dramatic 83% reduction in R&D expenses in 2024 as it shifted to a partnership model. However, the cost of running the ongoing Phase IIb trial for its Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) candidate, or advancing its other CNS and oncology programs, will still be subject to this inflationary pressure. The company's strategic land acquisitions in Taiwan, totaling approximately $11 million for R&D and manufacturing infrastructure, are a long-term hedge against rising operational costs in other regions.

Dependence on milestone payments from partners for non-dilutive revenue streams.

ABVC BioPharma's business model is critically dependent on securing non-dilutive revenue (cash not raised by selling new stock) through licensing and milestone payments from its partners, such as OncoX BioPharma Inc., AiBtl BioPharma Inc., and ForSeeCon Eye Corporation. This is the primary funding mechanism for its pipeline.

The company has shown success in this area, projecting a total cash licensing income of $7 million for the full 2025 fiscal year. However, the realization of this revenue is contingent on partners achieving specific development and regulatory milestones, which introduces an element of financial uncertainty. What this estimate hides is the risk of clinical failure or regulatory delays, which would immediately halt these payments.

Here is the quick math on ABVC's licensing revenue streams in 2025:

The strong Q3 2025 licensing revenue of $1.28 million-a 230% year-over-year increase-demonstrates the model is currently working. Still, the company must continue to convert its remaining eligible milestones, which total up to an additional $18.3 million, to ensure long-term funding visibility without resorting to dilutive equity raises.

ABVC BioPharma, Inc. (ABVC) - PESTLE Analysis: Social factors

Growing public demand for personalized medicine and targeted oncology treatments.

The shift from a one-size-fits-all approach to personalized medicine (PM) is a powerful social trend, driven by patient demand for better efficacy and fewer side effects. This directly impacts ABVC BioPharma, Inc.'s oncology pipeline, which includes candidates like ABV-1501 for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. The market size here is massive, and it's growing fast.

The Global Personalized Medicine Market is valued at an estimated $654.46 billion in 2025, with the oncology segment contributing the largest share. Specifically, the Oncology Precision Medicine Market is estimated to be valued between $153.81 billion and $166 billion in 2025. This growth is fueled by patients and providers seeking treatments tailored to an individual's genetic makeup, a clear social mandate for precision. To be fair, this market is highly competitive, but the sheer size of the opportunity for a targeted therapy is compelling.

Increased awareness and advocacy for mental health treatments, relevant to the CNS pipeline.

Public awareness and destigmatization of mental health conditions have surged, especially post-pandemic, translating directly into higher diagnosis rates and a demand for novel central nervous system (CNS) treatments. This is a tailwind for ABVC BioPharma, Inc.'s CNS pipeline, which includes treatments for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Globally, MDD affects an estimated 280 million individuals. The Major Depressive Disorder Treatment Market alone is estimated to be valued at approximately $18.7 billion in 2025, growing at a CAGR of 8.3% through 2032. Similarly, the ADHD Therapeutics Market is projected to reach approximately $38.37 billion in 2025, with non-stimulant options gaining momentum due to patient preference for lower abuse risk. This demand is driving a significant uptake in digital health and telepsychiatry, which doubled its utilization rates since 2023 in the U.S.

Global aging population drives demand for ophthalmology and neurodegenerative disorder drugs.

The demographic reality of an aging global population is a primary social driver for biopharma. Older adults are the core patient base for neurodegenerative and retinal disorders. The demand for effective treatments that improve quality of life is only accelerating, and this is defintely a long-term trend.

Here's the quick math on the market size driven by this demographic shift:

ABVC BioPharma, Inc.'s focus on ophthalmology, including its device Vitargus® for retinal surgery, is well-aligned with this demographic imperative. The sheer number of people needing care makes this market segment relatively resilient.

Public perception of biopharma companies tied to drug efficacy and pricing ethics.

Public trust in the biopharma sector remains fragile, largely due to concerns over drug pricing and equitable access. This social factor is a major operational risk that companies must actively manage.

The pressure is real: a Deloitte 2025 survey showed that 47% of C-suite executives expect pricing and access to significantly affect their strategies. The legislative environment in the U.S., including the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), is a direct response to this public outcry, empowering Medicare to negotiate prices for high-cost drugs starting in 2026. Companies must now demonstrate clear 'value-based' pricing, linking the cost of a drug to its clinical benefit and patient outcomes, or risk a major public relations crisis. This means that a drug's efficacy must be unequivocally superior to justify a premium price tag.

• Demonstrate superior efficacy data to justify cost.
• Adopt 'value-based' pricing models to appease payers.
• Manage public perception by ensuring equitable access.

ABVC BioPharma, Inc. (ABVC) - PESTLE Analysis: Technological factors

You're managing a clinical-stage portfolio, so you have to constantly map your core small-molecule pipeline against the accelerating pace of biotech innovation. For ABVC BioPharma, Inc., the technology landscape in 2025 presents both a clear path to efficiency through AI and a major competitive threat from next-generation therapies. Your strategic focus must be on integrating your planned AI tools quickly to derisk clinical development and shore up data security.

Advancements in AI-driven drug discovery accelerate target identification and preclinical work.

ABVC BioPharma is defintely moving to incorporate Artificial Intelligence (AI) into its operations, which is a critical step for a clinical-stage company. The company is actively working with a new AI team to develop a proprietary platform for 'futuristic clinical trials' and plans to submit this as a software for a medical device to the FDA. This isn't just about discovery; it's about improving the efficiency of ongoing trials, like the one for depression in cancer patients, by bringing AI in to generate more efficacy-related data.

Beyond the clinic, AI is central to ABVC's vertical integration strategy. The company is evaluating a strategic, AI-enabled agricultural facility in Taiwan, which has a recognized land asset value of $7,670,000 as of Q1 2025. They also plan to invest an estimated $120 million in U.S. 'gigafactories' that will utilize AI-driven environmental controls to cultivate high-value medicinal plants. The goal here is concrete: reduce raw material costs by a projected 30%. That's a huge operational lever.

Use of decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) to improve patient recruitment and data collection efficiency.

While ABVC BioPharma hasn't explicitly labeled its work as 'Decentralized Clinical Trials' (DCTs), the push to integrate AI into clinical data collection aligns perfectly with the core principles of this movement. The global DCT market was valued at $9.63 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach $21.34 billion by 2030, showing a 14.16% Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). This growth is driven by the need for faster drug development and patient-centric models.

ABVC's current multi-site trials, such as the Phase II ADHD study involving sites in the United States (like UCSF) and Taiwan, already require sophisticated remote data management. The new AI platform is the logical next step to capture and analyze data remotely, which is exactly what DCTs do using wearables and telemedicine. You need to ensure the AI platform is built with decentralized elements in mind from the start, especially as the FDA has finalized guidance to allow for telehealth visits and at-home data collection.

Competition from gene therapy and cell therapy platforms, potentially disrupting small molecule markets.

ABVC BioPharma's pipeline is focused on small molecule therapeutics, primarily botanical-based compounds for Central Nervous System (CNS) and oncology disorders. This is a traditional space facing intense disruption from advanced therapeutic modalities (ATMPs). Competitors like Amgen are making a strong push into cell and gene therapy, and other major players are heavily invested in these areas.

The cell and gene therapy pipeline is massive, with 4,099 therapies in development, and a significant shift is occurring: 51% of newly initiated gene therapy trials are now targeting non-oncology indications. This directly threatens ABVC's CNS pipeline, including ABV-1504 for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and ABV-1505 for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), by offering potentially curative, one-time treatments instead of chronic small-molecule dosing. ABVC's key differentiator is its botanical source and the promise of fewer side effects, but that advantage shrinks if a gene therapy offers a cure.

Need to invest in robust data security systems to protect intellectual property and patient data.

The shift to AI-driven drug development and the push toward digitized clinical trials dramatically increases the attack surface for cyber threats. Global cybersecurity spending is expected to reach $212 billion to $213 billion in 2025, a 15.1% year-over-year increase, driven by the need to protect against rising cybercrime. For a clinical-stage company like ABVC BioPharma, the stakes are exceptionally high.

The company's intellectual property (IP)-its six drug candidates and one medical device, plus the proprietary AI platform-is its most valuable asset. Protecting this IP and the sensitive patient data from multi-site clinical trials (in the US and Asia) requires a significant investment in cloud security, threat intelligence, and a zero-trust architecture (ZTA). Your internal IT budget needs to reflect this reality, especially since the most damaging data breaches for enterprises can cost over $1 million.

Here's the quick math: you're planning a $120 million manufacturing investment; a fraction of that must be ring-fenced for securing the data that makes those products valuable.

• Prioritize AI security: Investment in AI for cyber defense is the top budget priority for 46% of organizations in 2025.
• Secure licensing revenue: Q3 2025 licensing revenue totaled $1,275,950, demonstrating the value of protected IP.
• Action: The IT team should immediately draft a ZTA implementation plan for the new AI and clinical data infrastructure.

ABVC BioPharma, Inc. (ABVC) - PESTLE Analysis: Legal factors

For a clinical-stage biopharma like ABVC BioPharma, legal factors are not just about paperwork; they are the bedrock of asset value and market access. You need to think about legal compliance as a non-negotiable operating cost and a strategic moat. The near-term focus is on maintaining public company status, aggressively defending intellectual property, and navigating the global maze of clinical trial data privacy laws.

Strict adherence to US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) reporting requirements for a publicly traded company.

As a company listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, ABVC BioPharma faces constant, stringent reporting requirements from the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This means filing quarterly reports (Form 10-Q), annual reports (Form 10-K), and current reports (Form 8-K) on a tight schedule. Missing these deadlines or misstating financials can lead to delisting risk and significant legal exposure. Honestly, the cost of this compliance, including external auditors and legal counsel, is a major burn rate for a company at this stage.

For the third quarter of 2025, the company's SEC 10-Q filing reported a net loss of approximately $(1.3) million, with a net loss per share of $(0.05). This ongoing loss highlights the importance of timely and accurate disclosure to maintain investor confidence and access to capital markets. You simply can't afford a compliance misstep here.

The compliance mandate extends beyond financial reporting to corporate governance rules, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) and Nasdaq listing standards, which demand a robust internal control over financial reporting (ICFR).

Intellectual property (IP) protection is critical, especially for patents on lead candidates like ABV-1504.

The entire valuation of a clinical-stage biotech rests on its intellectual property (IP). For ABVC BioPharma, securing patents for its lead botanical drug candidates, like ABV-1504 for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), is the single most important legal factor. These patents create a legal monopoly, which is what licensing partners ultimately pay for.

ABVC has successfully secured IP protection in several major pharmaceutical markets, which is defintely a huge win. This global coverage provides a strong foundation for future commercialization and licensing deals, such as the one with AiBtl BioPharma, Inc. valued at $667 million in potential income.

Here's the quick math on IP protection for ABV-1504 (PDC-1421):

Compliance with global data privacy regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA) for multi-site clinical trials.

ABVC BioPharma's clinical trials for assets like ABV-1504 and others are multi-site, spanning the United States (e.g., Stanford University) and Taiwan, plus Australia for its Vitargus® product. This geographical spread means the company must comply with multiple, often conflicting, patient data privacy laws.

The key compliance areas include:

• HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act): Strict rules in the US for protecting Protected Health Information (PHI) used in clinical trials.
• GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation): While trials may not be in the EU, any future commercialization or data processing involving EU citizens or partners requires GDPR compliance, which sets the global standard for data protection.
• ICH E6(R3) Guidelines: The finalized international standard for Good Clinical Practice (GCP) emphasizes enhanced data integrity and traceability, which is a major focus in 2025 for all global trials.

Ensuring data integrity and security across all sites-from the US to Taiwan-is a significant operational and legal challenge, requiring substantial investment in data governance and technology infrastructure.

Complex licensing and collaboration agreements with partners like Rgene Corporation.

The company relies heavily on strategic partnerships to advance its pipeline, and these collaborations are governed by highly complex legal agreements. A prime example is the relationship with Rgene Corporation, which is both a co-development partner and an affiliate in which ABVC holds a significant equity stake of approximately 31.62%.

These agreements are critical for non-dilutive funding and development, but they introduce legal risk related to intellectual property ownership, milestone achievement disputes, and revenue-sharing mechanisms. The financial stakes are high:

• Oncology Licensing (with Rgene and OncoX BioPharma, Inc.): The agreement for oncology products has a potential aggregate income of up to $105 million.
• Upfront Payments: This deal included upfront payments of up to $55,000,000, which could be in cash or shares of OncoX BioPharma, Inc. stock.
• Rgene Service Agreement: A 2022 Clinical Development Service Agreement with Rgene Corporation was for payments totaling $3.0 million over a three-year period, tied to regulatory milestones.

The legal teams must meticulously draft and manage these contracts, as any ambiguity in milestone definitions or IP rights could jeopardize millions in future revenue and tie up capital in litigation. This is where legal precision directly impacts your cash flow.

ABVC BioPharma, Inc. (ABVC) - PESTLE Analysis: Environmental factors

The core takeaway is that ABVC's success hinges on navigating the regulatory path in the US and securing the next tranche of capital in a tight economic environment. Finance: draft a 13-week cash view by Friday, stress-testing for a 4-month delay in a key Phase 2 readout.

Increasing pressure for sustainable lab practices and reduced carbon footprint in manufacturing.

The biopharma sector is under intense pressure to decarbonize, a trend that directly impacts ABVC's long-term strategy, especially as the company evaluates infrastructure for future manufacturing expansion. While ABVC currently operates with an asset-light, partnership-driven model, relying on in-licensed technology and external research institutions, this pressure will transfer to its partners and future operations. The industry's indirect emissions, known as Scope 3, account for approximately 79% of the total carbon footprint, making a sustainable supply chain a critical risk area. This means the environmental impact of sourcing raw materials for ABVC's botanical drugs is a key consideration.

Major pharmaceutical companies are committing significant capital, with the industry spending an estimated $5.2 billion yearly on environmental programs, a 300% increase from 2020. This sets a high bar for all players, including clinical-stage companies like ABVC, to adopt 'green labs' standards.

• Adopt My Green Lab Certification for R&D.
• Prioritize partners with 1.5°C-aligned carbon reduction targets.
• Evaluate decentralized clinical trial (DCT) models to cut travel emissions.

Safe disposal of chemical and biological waste from R&D and clinical supply production.

Managing the complex and hazardous waste streams from biopharma R&D and clinical supply production is a non-negotiable compliance and cost factor. ABVC's clinical pipeline, which includes six drugs and one medical device, requires strict adherence to US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state-level hazardous waste regulations. The waste streams include chemical by-products, spent solvents, and cytotoxic compounds, all of which require specialized handling and complete traceability to avoid severe regulatory penalties.

The industry is aggressively pursuing 'Zero Waste to Landfill' goals, with many companies targeting 100% landfill-free sites by 2025-2030. Furthermore, a common industry target is a 20% to 50% reduction in hazardous waste volume. ABVC must ensure its waste management protocols, whether internal or outsourced, meet these elevated standards. That's a defintely operational risk if not handled correctly.

Environmental impact assessments required for any potential future manufacturing facilities.

ABVC has publicly stated plans to leverage its land assets for strategic development, supporting R&D infrastructure and potential manufacturing expansion. Any new manufacturing facility, particularly for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) or bulk drug units, will trigger a mandatory Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) under federal and state regulations. This is a crucial step that can significantly affect timelines and capital expenditure.

The EIA process assesses the impact on water resources, air quality, and local ecosystems, and it requires regulatory clearance before construction can commence. For a company planning to scale, the EIA is not just a hurdle; it's a strategic opportunity to design in sustainability from day one. For example, implementing Zero-Liquid Discharge (ZLD) processes, which eliminate liquid waste by recycling all wastewater, is now a leading-edge practice in the biopharmaceutical sector.

Focus on 'Green Chemistry' to develop more environmentally friendly drug synthesis processes.

ABVC's focus on a botanical drug pipeline, with candidates like PDC-1421 derived from Radix Polygala, aligns perfectly with the principles of Green Chemistry. Green Chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. This approach is not just ethical; it's financially smart, as it can lead to improved process efficiency and reduced waste disposal costs.

The opportunity for ABVC lies in leveraging its plant-based pharmaceutical innovations to meet the growing demand for sustainable therapeutics. Industry case studies show the potential for massive gains: one green chemistry implementation led to a 99% reduction in organic solvent usage and a 76% reduction in water usage for a key intermediate. By integrating the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry into its R&D from Phase 2 onward, ABVC can reduce the Process Mass Intensity (PMI)-the ratio of total mass of materials used to the mass of the final product-which is a key metric for sustainability.