NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NBY): PESTLE Analysis [Nov-2025 Updated]

You're trying to size up NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NBY) right now, and frankly, the external landscape in 2025 is a mixed bag of regulatory hurdles and shifting consumer trust toward non-antibiotic solutions like their hypochlorous acid products. We need to see how inflation pressures on their supply chain and evolving legal risks stack up against the clear growth in demand for lid hygiene treatments. Dive in below to see the precise external map-Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal, and Environmental-that will defintely dictate NBY's next move.

NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NBY) - PESTLE Analysis: Political factors

FDA classification impacts regulatory costs and speed to market.

The political factor of regulatory classification by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was a major determinant of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals' former core business model. The company's flagship product, Avenova, was classified as a Class I medical device, which is the lowest-risk category and requires less rigorous pre-market approval than Class II or Class III devices or new drugs. This classification allowed for a faster speed to market and lower initial regulatory costs, as it primarily required adherence to general controls like the Quality System Regulation (QSR) and adverse event reporting.

However, this classification also presented a risk, as the FDA issued a Warning Letter in 2020 regarding unapproved drug claims for Avenova related to COVID-19, underscoring the political and regulatory scrutiny even Class I devices face when marketing crosses into unapproved drug territory. For the continuing operations of NovaBay, which is now seeking a new strategic direction, the regulatory costs are minimal, reflected in the Q3 2025 operating expenses of $1.30 million for the entire continuing business, which includes all general and administrative overhead.

Shifting US healthcare policy affects reimbursement for prescription products.

Changes in US healthcare policy, particularly within Medicare, create a volatile reimbursement environment that directly impacts the profitability of prescription products like the former Avenova Rx. The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022 introduced significant changes to Medicare Part D, which are fully implemented in 2025.

These policy shifts, while aimed at reducing patient costs, fundamentally alter the risk profile for drug and device manufacturers whose products are covered by Part D. The most significant change is the introduction of a $2,000 annual out-of-pocket (OOP) cap for Medicare Part D enrollees, effective in 2025. This cap, along with the elimination of the coverage gap (donut hole), shifts a greater financial burden onto Part D plans and, indirectly, manufacturers through new cost-sharing arrangements in the catastrophic phase.

For the new owner of the Avenova brand, PRN Physician Recommended Nutriceuticals, LLC, this means a more predictable but potentially lower net reimbursement rate for the prescription version of the product. The political goal is lower consumer costs, but the financial reality is tighter margins for the supply chain.

Medicare Part D Policy Change (2025)	Impact on Prescription Product Reimbursement
Annual Out-of-Pocket (OOP) Cap	Capped at $2,000 for enrollees, reducing patient cost-sharing and increasing financial liability for plans/manufacturers in the catastrophic phase.
Coverage Gap Elimination	Simplifies the benefit structure and removes a phase where patients previously paid a higher share, leading to more consistent, but potentially lower, net revenue for manufacturers.
Manufacturer Inflation Rebates	Required if drug prices rise faster than inflation, a political measure to temper price hikes and a direct revenue risk for prescription drug makers.

Lobbying efforts influence over-the-counter (OTC) versus prescription drug status.

The political landscape is constantly influenced by industry lobbying to secure favorable product classifications, particularly the distinction between prescription (Rx) and over-the-counter (OTC) status, which dictates distribution channels and pricing power. NovaBay's former strategy with Avenova was a hybrid approach, offering both a prescription version and a direct-to-consumer (DTC) version (Avenova Direct) sold online.

This dual approach was a direct response to the political and economic trend of increased cost-shifting to consumers via high-deductible health plans. Selling OTC allowed the company to bypass complex reimbursement negotiations and achieve stable gross-to-net pricing. While NovaBay itself was a small player, the broader pharmaceutical industry's lobbying efforts are intense, focusing on:

• Protecting intellectual property rights and patent exclusivity.
• Influencing the FDA's medical device reclassification process.
• Advocating for favorable reimbursement rates from government payers.

The decision to sell the Avenova business for $11.5 million in January 2025 suggests that the political and commercial complexity of maintaining a dual Rx/OTC product line was a significant factor in the strategic shift.

Trade policies affect the cost of raw materials and international distribution.

US trade policies in 2025 introduce significant political risk to pharmaceutical and medical device supply chains, even for smaller companies or the new owners of divested assets. The administration has imposed a general 10% tariff on most imported goods, alongside steeper levies on certain products.

Although the pharmaceutical sector has historically enjoyed some protection, with 84% of drugs and 72% of basic pharmaceutical products exempted from the general tariff in April 2025, the political rhetoric and policy threats remain a concern. Specifically, a threat of a 100% tariff on imported branded or patented drugs was announced in September 2025, with an exemption only for manufacturers building facilities in the US, though this was temporarily paused.

This policy uncertainty forces companies to consider costly reshoring or diversification of their supply chains. The reliance on foreign sources for raw materials, including up to 82% of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) 'building blocks' coming from China and India, makes the industry highly vulnerable to geopolitical trade actions. Any future tariffs on hypochlorous acid raw materials or other components would directly increase the cost of goods sold for the Avenova product line, regardless of who owns it.

NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NBY) - PESTLE Analysis: Economic factors

You're looking at NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NBY) in late 2025, and the economic backdrop is definitely making the remaining core business navigate some choppy waters. The key takeaway here is that while the US economy is showing resilience, sticky inflation and high rates are squeezing margins and making any external capital raise expensive, especially given NBY's current valuation and operational status post-divestitures.

Inflationary pressures increase manufacturing and supply chain costs

Honestly, even with your much smaller continuing operation, general cost inflation is a headwind you can't ignore. The broader US economy saw the annual inflation rate tick up to 3.0 percent in September 2025, moving away from the Fed's target. Core CPI inflation, which strips out the volatile stuff, was still running at 2.8 percent in that same month. Here's the quick math: for your Q3 2025 product revenue of $521 thousand, the gross profit was only $42 thousand. That razor-thin margin means any increase in the cost of your remaining inputs-even for a small operation-eats directly into your bottom line. What this estimate hides is that the cost of goods sold (COGS) for your remaining products is highly sensitive to these macro pressures. Tariffs are also a factor, expected to keep core goods inflation climbing.

The company's strategic shift means direct manufacturing cost comparisons are tricky now, but the environment is one of broad cost escalation.

High interest rates impact the cost of capital for R&D and expansion

The Federal Reserve kept the federal-funds rate steady at 4.5 percent through March 2025, signaling a higher-for-longer stance. Even with some expected easing later, the cost of borrowing remains elevated; for example, the 30-year mortgage rate was at 6.8 percent as of June 2025. You're not in a heavy R&D or expansion phase like a typical pharma firm, but any need for working capital or funding for your new 'emerging financial infrastructure' evaluation carries a higher price tag. Still, you did manage to secure funding through Series E Preferred and October 2025 pre-funded warrants, which suggests you found a path, albeit likely at a cost reflecting the current rate environment.

Higher rates make every dollar of future funding more expensive.

Consumer discretionary spending affects OTC product sales like Avenova

You've already divested the Avenova assets for $11.5 million in January 2025, which was substantially all of your revenue-generating operations. So, the direct impact on current NBY revenue is zero, but the general economic climate affects the market you just sold into. For the broader economy, the outlook suggests consumer spending growth is set to slow, potentially hitting a cycle low of 1.8 percent in 2027. Lingering sticker shock from inflation is expected to limit any upside to spending growth. If the buyer of Avenova faces a weaker consumer, it could impact future royalties or earn-outs, if any exist. For your remaining operations, the Q3 2025 product revenue was just $521 thousand, showing the core business is not reliant on broad consumer discretionary trends anymore.

Weakened stock market valuation impacts NBY's ability to raise equity capital

Your stock valuation definitely complicates raising fresh equity capital, though you've relied on preferred shares and warrants recently. As of late November 2025, NBY was trading around $1.02 per share, following a downtrend since 2007. The market is pricing in significant risk, reflected in the Q3 2025 EPS miss at -$0.23 against a consensus of -$0.21. Furthermore, the book value per share was low at $0.73 USD, meaning investors are paying a premium for assets that might not fully justify the price. This disconnect makes issuing new common stock dilutive and unattractive unless you can secure a very high price. You are currently funding operations through existing cash ($2.31 million as of September 30, 2025) and recent private placements, which is the prudent move when the public equity markets are skeptical.

Low stock price means equity is a costly source of cash.

To put some of these economic and company-specific metrics side-by-side, look at this summary:

Metric Category	Economic Indicator (2025 Data)	NovaBay Pharmaceuticals (NBY) Metric (2025 Data)
Inflation/Cost	US Annual Inflation Rate (Sept 2025): 3.0%	Gross Profit on Continuing Operations (Q3 2025): $42 thousand
Interest Rates	Federal Funds Rate (Mar 2025): 4.5%	Cash & Equivalents (Sep 30, 2025): $2.31 million
Consumer Spending	Projected Real Consumer Spending Growth (2027 Low): 1.8%	Product Revenue (Continuing Ops, Q3 2025): $521 thousand
Valuation/Capital	Stock Market Caution (General Trend)	EPS (Q3 2025): -$0.23

You need to keep a tight lid on operating expenses for the continuing business, as the path to profitability relies on managing those costs against the small revenue base, not on favorable macro shifts.

• Control operating expenses below $1.30 million per quarter.
• Monitor any potential earn-out triggers from Avenova sale.
• Ensure the current cash runway extends past November 7, 2026.

Finance: draft the projected cash burn for the continuing operations under a 3.0% inflation scenario by Friday.

NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NBY) - PESTLE Analysis: Social factors

You're looking at the social currents shaping the eye care landscape, and frankly, the picture is one of heightened patient engagement and a strong pull toward gentler solutions. This environment directly impacts how products like NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.'s former Avenova line are perceived and adopted. The key takeaway here is that the market is moving toward self-care and natural-leaning options, but the path to purchase is increasingly digital.

Sociological

The consumer base is definitely shifting its preference away from traditional, potentially harsh treatments. There's a growing appetite for what you might call 'cleaner' chemistry, which is great news for products based on ingredients like hypochlorous acid. The global Hypochlorous Acid Market, for instance, grew from $5.4 billion in 2024 to an estimated $5.8 billion in 2025, showing a 7.4% compound annual growth rate. This isn't just a niche; it's a mainstream pivot toward non-antibiotic solutions for cleansing and hygiene, driven by general health awareness.

Honestly, the sheer number of people dealing with eye issues means demand is structurally high. Dry eye disease (DED) affects up to 16 million Americans, though some estimates put the total number of people experiencing symptoms closer to 30 million or even 49 million. What's critical for any eye care player is that while 58% of the general population reports symptoms, only about 17% of US patients have a formal diagnosis. This gap-symptomatic but undiagnosed-is where OTC products thrive, as nearly half (47%) of DED sufferers rely only on over-the-counter options. Also, over 70% of optometrists are actively screening for DED in 2025, signaling that professional awareness is finally catching up to the patient base.

The way doctors interact with patients has fundamentally changed, too. Telehealth is no longer a novelty; it's integrated care. The U.S. telehealth market is on a tear, forecasted to grow at a 23.8% compound annual growth rate between 2025 and 2030. For eye care specifically, the Teleophthalmology Market is projected to grow at an 11% CAGR through 2031. When a doctor can conduct a follow-up virtually, they are more likely to recommend convenient, direct-to-consumer products for maintenance, like lid scrubs, rather than relying solely on in-office procedures. It's about convenience for the patient, and 54% of Americans have now had at least one virtual visit.

And let's talk about where people discover these products. The broader OTC eye care market hit $34.08 billion in 2025, up from $31.17 billion the year prior, fueled by digital screen time. Social media and digital marketing are now central to adoption. We see evidence that data-driven marketing, including spending on social platforms, directly drives sales growth for eye care companies. Influencers are making videos on basic care routines that get massive views, meaning consumer education-and product trial-is happening outside the clinic walls. If you aren't visible where people are scrolling, you're invisible to a huge segment of the market.

Here's the quick math on the social environment:

• DED Symptom Prevalence: 58% of the general population.
• OTC Eye Care Market Size (2025): $34.08 billion.
• Telehealth U.S. CAGR (2025-2030): 23.8%.
• Hypochlorous Acid Market Growth (2024-2025): 7.4%.

What this estimate hides is the fragmentation; while the overall market is growing, the competition for consumer attention on platforms like Amazon.com and Avenova.com is intense, requiring constant marketing spend to maintain visibility.

Social Trend Factor	2025 Metric/Data Point	Implication for Eye Care
DED Patient Pool (Symptomatic)	Up to 49 million potentially undiagnosed in the US.	Massive pool for OTC/preventative product adoption.
Consumer Preference	Hypochlorous Acid Market valued at $5.8 billion in 2025.	Strong preference for non-antibiotic, gentle lid/lash hygiene solutions.
Healthcare Delivery	54% of Americans have used telehealth.	Doctors increasingly recommend products remotely, favoring convenient options.
OTC Market Growth	Expected to grow 9.3% in 2025.	Self-care and readily available products are a major revenue driver.

Finance: draft 13-week cash view by Friday.

NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NBY) - PESTLE Analysis: Technological factors

You're navigating a company through major strategic shifts-divesting core assets and seeking a new direction after a significant capital raise. The technology landscape isn't waiting, and for NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., these external tech trends define the playing field for any future growth strategy.

E-commerce platforms are critical for direct-to-consumer sales and market reach

Honestly, the days of relying solely on traditional distribution channels are over, even for a company like NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. that recently sold off major assets like Avenova. The pharmaceutical e-commerce space is demanding direct-to-consumer (D2C) capabilities for market penetration and patient engagement. If the new leadership, led by CEO David E. Lazar, pursues a strategic acquisition or investment, the target's digital infrastructure will be key. A strong e-commerce backbone is non-negotiable for modern market reach, especially for over-the-counter or specialized prescription fulfillment.

Advancements in drug delivery systems could improve product efficacy and stability

Given NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.'s history in areas like eye care, you must look closely at drug delivery innovation. The industry is seeing massive shifts, with nanotechnology carriers and microneedle patches becoming more viable for better efficacy and patient compliance. For instance, in ophthalmic treatments, the move is toward long-acting intravitreal therapies designed for single-dose administration, reducing the patient burden associated with chronic anti-VEGF treatments. Any new product NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. brings in will be judged against these higher standards for stability and patient adherence.

Use of AI and machine learning in clinical trials remains a long-term opportunity

While NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is currently focused on corporate restructuring following its Q1 2025 operating loss from continuing operations of $3.33 million, the long-term value of any R&D pipeline hinges on technology adoption. Across the broader pharma sector in 2025, Artificial Intelligence is now core infrastructure; analysts project AI will account for nearly 30% of new drug discoveries this year. This technology simulates preclinical workflows and optimizes trial patient stratification, drastically cutting the time and cost associated with development. This is the efficiency benchmark you should expect from any potential acquisition.

Automated manufacturing processes can reduce production costs for high-volume products

If the strategic path involves acquiring or developing a high-volume product, manufacturing automation is where you find margin protection. In the current environment, AI-driven platforms are being used to automate processes like tendering, which can reduce administrative burdens by up to 90%. For physical production, automation reduces the variable cost per unit, which is crucial when your last twelve months revenue was $13.84 million and you need to maximize profitability on every sale. It's about building a lean operational model from the start.

Here's the quick math on how these external factors stack up against NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.'s recent financial footing:

Technology Factor	Industry Benchmark (2025 Estimate)	NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Context (2025 Data)
AI in R&D Value	$\text{350-410 billion}$ annually in value across the chain	Cash reserves of $\text{\$8.5 million}$ as of March 31, 2025 must fund tech integration.
Digital Device Connectivity	$\text{75%}$ of respiratory devices may feature intelligent monitoring	Requires high upfront investment for any new D2C medical device offering.
Manufacturing Cost Reduction	Automation reduces costs for high-volume production	Q1 2025 G&A expenses rose to $\text{\$2.7 million}$; automation is key to reversing cost trends.
Regulatory Efficiency	AI reduces administrative burdens by up to $\text{90%}$ in market access	Crucial for any new product seeking faster time-to-market post-acquisition.

What this estimate hides is the specific capital expenditure required for NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to adopt these technologies, especially given the recent asset sales and the need to deploy the $\text{\$3.85 million}$ initial tranche from the recent investment deal. We defintely need a clear CapEx plan.

• Assess tech stack of any acquisition target.
• Prioritize digital sales channel build-out.
• Benchmark drug delivery against Phase 3 standards.
• Model cost savings from manufacturing automation.

Finance: draft the 13-week cash flow view incorporating projected technology integration costs by Friday.

NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NBY) - PESTLE Analysis: Legal factors

You're navigating a sector where the rules aren't just suggestions; they are the foundation of your entire business model. For NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, operating in the medical product space, the legal landscape dictates everything from how you formulate your product to how you talk about it to a customer. Honestly, the compliance burden is heavy, but it's the price of entry for selling anything touching a patient.

Intellectual property protection for hypochlorous acid formulations is essential

For NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, the core value rests in its proprietary formulations, especially those using hypochlorous acid for ophthalmic or wound care uses. Protecting these patents and trade secrets is non-negotiable; without strong Intellectual Property (IP) rights, competitors can easily copy your science. While I don't have the specific details of any ongoing IP litigation for 2025, you know that defending your patents against potential infringers is a constant, expensive legal battle. If a key patent protecting your leading product expires or is successfully challenged, the market entry barrier for generics drops to zero overnight.

Here's the quick math on the corporate structure change that impacts IP management: NovaBay completed the sale of its Avenova eyecare business to PRN Physician Recommended Nutriceuticals, LLC for $11.5 million in January 2025. That transaction likely clarified which IP assets transferred and which remain with NovaBay, streamlining their focus, but also potentially limiting the scope of their remaining IP portfolio defense.

Strict compliance with FDA Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations is mandatory

Every batch of product NovaBay Pharmaceuticals ships must adhere to the FDA's Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). This isn't just about quality control; it's a legal mandate. Failure here leads to warning letters, production shutdowns, and product recalls-a disaster for a company that recently had to raise capital to maintain its listing status. Remember, NovaBay regained compliance with NYSE American listing standards only in October 2025 after addressing deficiencies related to minimum stockholders' equity of $6 million. While this was a financial compliance issue, it shows the level of regulatory scrutiny the company faces. Any GMP lapse would compound this risk significantly.

Key GMP compliance areas for NovaBay include:

• Validation of sterile manufacturing processes.
• Strict control over raw material sourcing.
• Meticulous record-keeping for every production lot.

Product liability and mislabeling lawsuits pose a constant financial risk

Selling medical-adjacent products means you are always one adverse event away from a lawsuit. Mislabeling claims-suggesting a product treats something it isn't specifically cleared for-are a huge threat, especially with topical antimicrobials. If a patient claims an injury from using one of your products, the resulting litigation costs, settlements, or judgments can wipe out a year's operating cash. Look at the financial pressure: NovaBay reported a negative EBITDA of -$4.93 million in the last twelve months leading up to April 2025. A major liability event could be catastrophic given that financial strain.

What this estimate hides is the direct cost of defense, which isn't always covered by insurance deductibles. You need to track the company's reserves set aside for these contingencies, which are usually buried in the notes to the financial statements.

Data privacy regulations (HIPAA) govern patient information in telehealth and sales

Even if NovaBay Pharmaceuticals is primarily a product seller, their direct-to-consumer sales channels and any potential partnerships in telehealth or with eye care professionals mean they handle Protected Health Information (PHI). This brings the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) squarely into play. A data breach or improper sharing of patient data-even from a third-party vendor handling your customer lists-can result in steep fines from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). For a company with a market capitalization around $7.81 million as of late 2025, a HIPAA penalty in the hundreds of thousands of dollars would be a major setback.

Here is a snapshot of recent corporate governance compliance that sets the tone for regulatory adherence:

Compliance Area	Metric/Value (2025 Data)	Significance
NYSE Equity Requirement	$6.0 million minimum	Met in October 2025 via financing
Avenova Asset Sale Value	$11.5 million	Completed January 2025, impacting future asset/IP scope
Q3 2025 EPS (Miss)	-$0.23 vs. estimate of -$0.08	Indicates ongoing operational/financial pressure

Finance: draft 13-week cash view by Friday

NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NBY) - PESTLE Analysis: Environmental factors

You're managing a specialty pharma company, and honestly, the environmental side of the ledger is getting as much scrutiny as the P&L these days. For NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the external environment isn't just about weather; it's about materials, waste streams, and the carbon cost of getting your product to the patient. Ignoring this is a fast track to higher capital costs and lower brand trust.

Sustainability of packaging materials is a growing consumer and regulatory concern

Consumers are definitely paying attention to what your product comes in, not just what's inside the bottle. In the pharmaceutical sector for 2025, the push is hard toward eco-design-meaning packaging that protects the drug but minimizes environmental harm. This means moving away from complex, multi-layered films that are impossible to recycle. The market for sustainable pharmaceutical packaging is expected to hit around USD 105.80 billion in 2025, showing you this isn't a niche concern; it's a massive commercial reality.

For NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., this translates to immediate action on material choice. Are you using mono-materials-packaging made from a single polymer family-which simplifies recycling? Or are you still relying on hard-to-process laminates? Regulatory bodies, like those enforcing the EU's Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR), which entered force in February 2025, are tightening rules on recyclability and labeling.

Waste disposal protocols for pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing

Disposing of manufacturing byproducts and expired product safely is non-negotiable, but the goalposts are moving from simple compliance to measurable reduction. Many larger pharma players have set aggressive targets, such as achieving 100% zero waste to landfill by 2035. While I don't have NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.'s specific 2025 waste metrics, the expectation is that you are tracking and reporting on waste intensity.

What this estimate hides is the complexity of medical waste versus general waste. You need clear protocols for handling any hazardous or regulated materials from your production lines. If onboarding takes 14+ days, churn risk rises, but if your waste audit is delayed, regulatory risk rises. Here's the quick math: if packaging accounts for as much as 15% of pharma's total emissions, optimizing that waste stream is a direct lever on your Scope 3 footprint.

Key areas for protocol review include:

• Verify compliance with local hazardous waste rules.
• Audit solvent recovery processes for efficiency.
• Implement clear labeling for recyclables vs. compostables.
• Track waste generation per unit of output.

Supply chain vulnerability to climate-related disruptions in key manufacturing regions

Climate change isn't a distant threat; it's a present-day supply chain risk. Analysts in early 2025 identified 'Drowning in Climate Change' as the top supply chain risk, scoring it at 90%. Extreme weather events like floods and wildfires disrupt infrastructure-roads, rails, and ports-which directly impacts your ability to source raw materials or ship finished goods, even if your own facility is fine. We've seen major drug production halted for weeks due to events like Hurricane María in Puerto Rico impacting manufacturing plants.

For NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., this means your reliance on specific geographic locations for key components creates a concentration risk. Indirect climate losses passed through supply chains can be up to five times larger than direct damages. You need to map where your critical suppliers are located relative to high-risk climate zones.

Focus on reducing the carbon footprint of product distribution and logistics

Scope 3 emissions-those outside your direct control, like distribution-are where investors are looking hardest, especially since they often represent about 75% of a pharma company's total footprint. Reducing this requires optimizing logistics, which is a tangible action you can control now. This is where packaging weight and size matter immensely for shipping efficiency.

The industry is making concrete moves toward decarbonization, with some major players setting goals to procure 100% renewable electricity by 2025. While this primarily targets Scope 2 (purchased energy), it signals the speed of the transition. For NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the immediate action is to analyze the carbon intensity of your distribution network. Are you consolidating shipments? Are you prioritizing carriers with lower-emission fleets?

Here is a snapshot of the environmental pressures shaping the pharmaceutical landscape in 2025:

Environmental Factor	Industry Benchmark/Metric (2025)	Implication for NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Sustainable Packaging Market Size	Projected to reach USD 105.80 billion	Consumer and investor expectation for eco-friendly materials is high.
Climate Supply Chain Risk Score	Flooding risk scored at 90% by analysts	Requires immediate mapping of critical supplier locations against climate hazard data.
Scope 3 Emissions Share	Often accounts for up to 75% of total pharma GHG emissions	Distribution and sourcing choices are now material financial risks.
Renewable Energy Procurement Goal	Some peers aim for 100% renewable electricity by 2025	Sets a high bar for operational energy sourcing strategy.

Finance: draft 13-week cash view by Friday.