Wipro Limited (WIT): PESTLE Analysis [Nov-2025 Updated]

Wipro Limited is defintely navigating a tightrope: balancing the promise of AI-driven growth against significant external headwinds. You're seeing this tension in their latest financials, where a solid revenue of around $11.5 billion and net income of about $1.5 billion for the 2025 fiscal year is pressured by global economic slowdowns and the intense, costly war for specialized tech talent. The core issue isn't just their internal strategy; it's how political shifts, economic reality, and technology's relentless pace-the PESTLE factors-will truly shape their margins and future valuation.

Wipro Limited (WIT) - PESTLE Analysis: Political factors

The political landscape in 2025 presents Wipro Limited with a clear duality: rising protectionism in key markets like the US is driving up operating costs, but simultaneous efforts toward bilateral trade agreements and a global push for ethical AI governance offer new, high-value contract opportunities. The immediate action for Wipro is to quantify the marginal cost of the new US visa regime and aggressively position its European business as a stable partner against the backdrop of regional geopolitical volatility.

US H-1B visa policy changes increase talent acquisition costs

The US administration's move to significantly increase the H-1B visa fee is a direct political headwind for all Indian IT service companies. In September 2025, a proclamation was signed raising the fee for new H-1B visa applications to $100,000 per worker annually, a massive jump from the previous cost of around $1,000. This fee targets the core model of deploying specialized, non-local talent for client projects in the United States.

However, Wipro's long-term localization strategy acts as a critical buffer. The company's Chief Human Resources Officer stated that nearly 80% of their US employee base are already local hires. This localization effort minimizes the impact of the new fee, but the remaining 20% of the workforce that may require new visas or renewals will face substantially higher costs, putting pressure on the IT Services operating margin, which stood at 17.5% in Q4 FY25.

India-US bilateral trade agreements favor IT service exports

Despite the visa friction, the broader political relationship between India and the US remains strategically favorable, particularly for the services sector. Both nations are actively working toward a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA), with the first phase nearing closure as of November 2025. The stated goal is to more than double total bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030.

This macro political alignment underpins Wipro's largest market, which is split into Americas 1 and Americas 2, together accounting for 63.4% of Q4 FY25 IT Services revenue. India's total services exports to the US reached $33.2 billion in FY 2024-25, with IT-enabled services being the largest component at $20 billion. A formal BTA is expected to streamline cross-border data flow and potentially reduce non-tariff barriers, directly benefiting Wipro's core business model.

Geopolitical tensions in Eastern Europe affect European client budgets

The persistent geopolitical tensions stemming from the Russia-Ukraine conflict continue to create macroeconomic uncertainty across Europe, directly impacting client discretionary spending. Europe is a significant market for Wipro, representing 26.1% of its IT Services revenue in Q4 FY25.

The region saw a year-over-year decline of 6.9% in constant currency terms for Wipro's IT Services segment in Q4 FY25, a clear indicator of conservative client budgets and delayed decision-making due to macroeconomic headwinds. The heightened risk environment, including a significant increase in cyberattacks and physical threats to critical infrastructure across Europe between 2024 and 2025, forces clients to prioritize security and resilience projects over large-scale, non-essential digital transformations.

Here's the quick math on Wipro's Q4 FY25 IT Services revenue exposure:

Strategic Market Unit (SMU)	% of Q4 FY25 IT Services Revenue	Q4 FY25 Revenue (USD Million)	YoY CC Growth (Q4 FY25)
Americas 1	32.8%	$851.6	+0.2%
Americas 2	30.6%	$795.0	-1.0%
Europe	26.1%	$677.6	-6.9%
APMEA	10.5%	$272.6	+1.0%

Calculated based on total Q4 FY25 IT Services revenue of $2,596.5 million.

Increased scrutiny on government contracts and ethical AI deployment

Governments, particularly in the US, are increasing their scrutiny on consulting and technology contracts to curb perceived wasteful spending, exemplified by the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) review of billions in federal consulting contracts in 2025. This political push for efficiency means Wipro must demonstrate clear, measurable value in its public sector engagements.

Plus, the rapid adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has led to a major political and regulatory focus on ethics and compliance. Federal agencies are now incorporating AI-specific language into Requests for Proposals (RFPs). Wipro is responding by strategically investing in and deploying specialized AI models:

• Deploying Sovereign AI for applications involving protected data.
• Developing Agentic AI for process automation.
• Aligning AI solutions with stringent governance, privacy, and security frameworks.

This shift means the political risk is less about if Wipro can use AI, and more about if it can demonstrate rigorous, auditable governance over its AI tools to win high-value government and regulated sector contracts.

Wipro Limited (WIT) - PESTLE Analysis: Economic factors

Global inflation and interest rates slow down client discretionary IT spending

You are seeing a clear slowdown in how clients spend their money, and it's a direct result of the global economic climate. The persistent, elevated inflation and higher US interest rates have forced companies to be incredibly cautious, which translates into 'prolonged decision-making cycles' for Wipro Limited. This caution is hitting discretionary IT spending-the big, new, non-essential projects-the hardest, with Wipro's IT services revenue declining 2.1% year-over-year (YoY) to $2,604.3 million in Q2 FY26. Honestly, clients are prioritizing essential spending over everything else.

But here's the quick math on the shift: while overall discretionary spending is down, the money that is being spent is moving into AI-related projects. Wipro's CEO noted that 'more and more discretionary spend is moving into AI-related projects' because clients are focused on technology-led transformation that also drives cost optimization. This dual focus is why the company's total bookings remained robust, reaching $4.7 billion in Q2 FY26, a 30.9% YoY increase.

Strong US dollar impacts revenue translation from non-US markets

A persistently strong US dollar (USD) creates a real headwind for Wipro Limited because a significant portion of its revenue comes from markets outside the US, but the company reports earnings in USD. When Wipro translates revenue earned in Euros or other currencies back into dollars, a strong USD makes those foreign earnings worth less. For example, in Q1 FY26, the IT Services segment revenue declined 1.5% YoY in reported USD terms. However, on a constant currency (CC) basis-which removes the currency fluctuation impact-that decline was worse, at 2.3% YoY.

This difference of 0.8 percentage points in the YoY decline highlights the currency translation risk. The company's guidance for Q3 FY26, which ends December 31, 2025, is based on an assumed USD/INR exchange rate of 87.21, which is a key metric to watch for revenue translation impact in the near term. This is a constant battle for all global IT firms.

Pricing pressure in legacy IT services drives margin erosion

The market is seeing intensifying pricing pressure, particularly in Wipro's traditional, or legacy, IT services lines, which is a classic symptom of a mature, commoditizing service. This dynamic is being accelerated by the current shift to AI and cloud, which analysts note is 'shrinking legacy service lines.' To be fair, this is similar to the cloud build-out phase in 2016-2018.

Despite this revenue pressure, Wipro has managed to maintain or even expand its operating margins through rigorous internal efficiency. The IT Services operating margin for the full fiscal year 2025 was 17.1%, actually an expansion of 0.9% YoY. For Q2 FY26, the adjusted operating margin was 17.2%, up 0.4% YoY, which shows disciplined cost management is offsetting client-side pricing demands.

Financial Metric	FY25 Value (Year Ended Mar 31, 2025)	Q2 FY26 Value (Quarter Ended Sep 30, 2025)
IT Services Revenue	$10,511.5 million (down 2.7% YoY)	$2,604.3 million (down 2.1% YoY)
IT Services Operating Margin (Adjusted)	17.1% (up 0.9% YoY)	17.2% (up 0.4% YoY)
Large Deal Bookings (TCV)	$5.4 billion (up 17.5% YoY)	$2.85 billion (up 90.5% YoY in CC)

Focus on cost optimization by clients increases demand for managed services

The economic uncertainty has made client cost optimization a primary driver of new business, which is a clear opportunity for Wipro. The CEO identified 'vendor consolidation and cost optimisation' as a key demand driver, leading to a surge in large, multi-year contracts. These large deals often involve managed services, where Wipro takes over a client's IT operations for a fixed fee, guaranteeing cost savings and efficiency gains.

This is evident in the company's large deal wins:

• Total bookings for Q2 FY26 were $4.7 billion, a 30.9% increase YoY.
• Large deal bookings (contracts of $30 million or more) reached $2.85 billion in Q2 FY26, a massive 90.5% YoY jump in constant currency terms.
• For the full FY25, large deal bookings were already strong at $5.4 billion, up 17.5% YoY.

This trend means Wipro is securing high-value contracts by helping clients achieve immediate cost takeout and efficiency, like the $400 million AI-driven procurement cost reduction deal secured with a global manufacturer in Q1 FY26. The market is tough, but it's rewarding efficiency plays.

Wipro Limited (WIT) - PESTLE Analysis: Social factors

You need to understand that the social landscape for Wipro Limited is a direct reflection of the global talent market's volatility, especially in high-demand tech areas. The key takeaway is that Wipro's voluntary attrition rate, which was 15.0% for the full fiscal year 2025, remains a significant cost driver, and the company's response is a strategic pivot toward flexible work and aggressive upskilling in Generative AI to win the talent war.

High employee attrition rates (e.g., above 15%) drive up recruitment and training costs

The cost of replacing an employee can easily exceed a year's salary for a mid-level engineer, so Wipro's attrition rate is a major operational pressure point. For the third quarter of fiscal year 2025 (Q3 FY25), the voluntary attrition rate, calculated on a trailing 12-month basis, rose to 15.3%. This is slightly higher than the 15.0% reported for the full fiscal year 2025. While this is a decrease from the peak of 23.2% in FY22, it still means Wipro must replace thousands of employees annually from a base headcount of approximately 232,732 as of Q3 FY25. That's a heavy recruitment load.

Here's the quick math: an attrition rate of 15.0% on a base of 232,732 employees means roughly 34,900 people left over the year. Even a conservative estimate of $15,000 per replacement (recruitment, onboarding, lost productivity) puts the annual cost well over $500 million.

• Voluntary attrition for FY25: 15.0%.
• Q3 FY25 Attrition (TTM): 15.3%.
• Total employee headcount (Q3 FY25): 232,732.

Demand for hybrid work models requires new global infrastructure investment

The expectation for flexible work is now a social norm, not a perk. Wipro has responded with a clear hybrid model, but this isn't free; it requires significant investment in secure, global infrastructure. The current policy mandates employees to work from the office three days a week, but also grants an additional 30 days of remote work annually for health or caregiving needs. This flexibility is a talent retention tool, but it forces a shift in capital expenditure (CapEx) from purely physical real estate to digital security and collaboration tools.

Wipro's ventures arm, Wipro Ventures, is actively investing in security solutions like SquareX to strengthen browser security specifically for these remote and hybrid workforces, proving that security investment is the new infrastructure spend. They also use technologies from partners like Intel and VMware to build these secure, high-performance hybrid environments. This is defintely a necessary cost to keep the workforce productive and secure.

Increased client focus on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) metrics

DEI is no longer just an internal HR function; it's a client-facing metric, often appearing in Requests for Proposal (RFPs). Clients want to see that their service partners reflect the diversity of their own customer base. Wipro has embedded DEI into its governance and even into performance measurement for engineers, which is a direct response to this client demand. The company was recognized as a DEI Lighthouse 2025 by the World Economic Forum, which is a strong external validation.

The firm's progress, while steady, shows where the focus needs to remain:

DEI Metric	Value (FY24 Data)	Strategic Implication
Women in Total Workforce	36.6%	Competitive with peers, but still a push to reach 40% target.
Women in Management Positions	23.9% (up from 20% in FY22)	Progress in senior-level representation, a key client focus area.
Inclusion Score (Employee Survey)	83%	High score indicates a positive internal culture of belonging.

Talent war for specialized skills like generative AI and cloud architecture

The talent war for niche skills is the fiercest social factor right now. Everyone is chasing the same handful of experts in Generative AI (GenAI) and complex cloud architecture. Wipro's strategy is to become an 'AI-powered firm by 2025,' which means they must either hire these experts at a premium or build them internally. They are doing both.

The company has established an AI Academy to rapidly upskill their existing workforce in GenAI and is leveraging strategic partnerships, like the one with Google Cloud, to build and scale new GenAI solutions. The recent business realignment, which merged cloud capabilities into the new 'Technology Services' Global Business Line, shows this focus is now central to the operating model. This internal development is the only sustainable way to combat the salary inflation driven by the talent war. If you don't upskill, you pay a massive premium for external hires.

• Strategic priority: Become an 'AI-powered firm by 2025.'
• Internal development: Launch of AI Academy to upskill talent.
• Organizational change: Cloud capabilities merged into the new 'Technology Services' GBL.

Wipro Limited (WIT) - PESTLE Analysis: Technological factors

Massive investment in Generative AI (GenAI) platforms for efficiency gains

You cannot talk about the 2025 technology landscape without starting with Generative AI (GenAI), and Wipro Limited is making a clear, massive bet here. The company committed to investing $1 billion into AI capabilities over a three-year period, a holistic investment that goes beyond simple acquisitions. This push is critical because clients, facing macroeconomic uncertainty, are prioritizing cost take-out and operational excellence, and GenAI is the most direct path to those efficiency gains.

This investment is channeled through its AI-first innovation ecosystem, Wipro ai360, and its solutions platform, WeGa (Wipro Enterprise Generative AI Studio), which helps clients build scalable GenAI solutions. The impact is already visible in deal structuring, where Wipro is incorporating GenAI-driven cost efficiencies into its large deal bids. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025 (FY25), the company's large deal bookings were robust at $5.4 billion, a 17.5% year-over-year increase, showing that clients are buying into these AI-powered transformation stories.

Rapid adoption of multi-cloud strategies by enterprise clients

The enterprise shift to a multi-cloud strategy-using services from multiple public cloud providers-is no longer a trend; it's the standard operating model. A Gartner survey cited by Wipro indicated that 81% of organizations using the public cloud were already working with two or more external providers, so Wipro's focus on its Wipro FullStride Cloud division is a direct response to client demand.

This strategy allows clients to avoid vendor lock-in and select the best-of-breed services for specific use cases, which is why Wipro is emphasizing distributed cloud models and Edge computing for low-latency, real-time data processing. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) within these cloud platforms is also transforming operations, with Forrester suggesting AI-driven cloud services adoption will see a 40% increase by 2025.

Wipro Cloud/AI Strategic Focus (FY25)	Core Technology	Client Value Proposition
Cloud Strategy	Multi-Cloud & Distributed Cloud	Enhanced flexibility, compliance, and vendor lock-in avoidance.
AI Integration	AI/ML & GenAI (WeGa Studio)	Automated processes, real-time insights, and predictive analytics.
Emerging Tech	Edge Computing & 5G Integration	Ultra-low latency applications and real-time data processing for IoT.

Cybersecurity threats necessitate continuous R&D and service expansion

As the technological surface area expands with multi-cloud and remote work, the complexity and severity of cybersecurity threats grow exponentially. Wipro has been recognized as a Leader in Avasant's Cybersecurity Services 2025 RadarView™, a testament to its continuous R&D focus in this high-growth area.

The core of their service expansion is moving beyond reactive defense to proactive, intelligence-driven frameworks. This includes:

• Deploying AI-Driven Threat Detection and Response to leverage ML for enhanced security.
• Implementing Zero Trust Architecture to ensure comprehensive security by verifying every user and device, regardless of location.
• Advancing Enhanced Data Encryption Techniques to protect sensitive data across distributed cloud environments.

Cybersecurity is now a non-negotiable component of large-scale digital transformation deals, making it an essential revenue driver that directly supports the cloud and AI services. You can't sell the cloud without selling the security.

Automation of routine tasks reduces reliance on lower-skilled labor

The automation wave, powered by Robotic Process Automation (RPA) and GenAI, is fundamentally reshaping Wipro's talent pyramid. This isn't just about cutting costs; it's about augmenting human capability and shifting the workforce toward higher-value, analytical roles. The total workforce stood at 233,346 employees as of March 31, 2025.

Wipro is aggressively addressing the resulting skill gap through massive upskilling initiatives. This is a critical action to manage the transition and mitigate the risk of a defintely necessary reduction in lower-skilled roles. The voluntary attrition rate, a key metric for talent stability, was at 14.9% on a trailing 12-month basis as of September 30, 2025.

The upskilling numbers are staggering:

• 209,000 employees have completed foundational GenAI 101 training.
• Over 87,000 employees have received advanced, role-specific upskilling.

This focus means IT and BPO resources are learning programming, process analysis, and consulting skills, migrating the workforce to a more digitally enabled model and creating high demand for new roles like data scientists and cloud engineers. The quick math here is that nearly 90% of the workforce has started the GenAI journey. Finance: Track the correlation between GenAI training completion and project margin improvement by the end of Q4 FY26.

Wipro Limited (WIT) - PESTLE Analysis: Legal factors

You're looking at Wipro Limited's legal landscape, and what's clear is that the regulatory environment is shifting from a static compliance checklist to a dynamic, costly, and risk-heavy operational challenge. For a global IT services giant, this means every major jurisdiction-from the EU to the US-is adding new layers of complexity, directly impacting cost of revenues and strategic deployment.

Stricter global data privacy laws (e.g., GDPR, CCPA) increase compliance costs

For Wipro, which handles massive volumes of client data globally, the proliferation of data privacy laws is a significant cost driver. Regulations like the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) require continuous, expensive compliance upgrades, especially in cross-border data transfer and processing.

Honestly, the biggest impact is the need for Data Processing Agreements (DPAs) and robust governance across the entire supply chain. Wipro itself capitalizes on this need by offering GDPR compliance services to clients, sometimes delivering a 50-60% cost benefit compared to using high-cost European law firms, which shows just how high the compliance costs are in major markets. The risk of non-compliance-which can include fines up to 4% of global annual revenue under GDPR-forces a substantial allocation of capital and legal resources. This isn't just a legal issue; it's a core operational risk.

Increased litigation risk related to intellectual property and patent infringement

As Wipro expands its digital and proprietary software offerings, its exposure to Intellectual Property (IP) litigation-both as a plaintiff and a defendant-rises. Protecting the Wipro brand and its technology assets from infringement is a constant, global battle.

We saw concrete examples of this in the 2025 fiscal year. Wipro successfully secured a permanent injunction in a Bangalore court in February 2025 against a fraudulent online scheme that was misusing the Wipro trademark for part-time recruitment scams. Separately, the Delhi High Court granted Wipro Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. an ex parte ad interim injunction in January 2025 to restrain a third party from using a deceptively similar trademark. This constant defense of its IP is a non-negotiable cost of doing business in the digital age.

The core litigation risks are:

• Patent infringement claims from competitors or non-practicing entities (patent trolls).
• Trademark and brand misuse in global digital channels.
• Trade secret misappropriation by former employees or partners.

New regulations on AI ethics and bias require development of compliance frameworks

The regulatory focus on Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the newest, most complex legal headwind. Governments, especially in the EU with the EU AI Act (adopted in 2024 and being phased in), are moving fast to regulate AI systems based on risk. For Wipro, whose growth strategy is heavily reliant on AI-infused solutions (like Wipro HOLMES™), this means building compliance into the product development lifecycle from day one.

Wipro has already responded by developing a formal Responsible AI framework and an internal methodology called ETHICA (Explainability, Transparency, Human-first, Interpretability, Common sense, and Auditability). This isn't just a marketing exercise; it's a necessary compliance framework to manage the legal and reputational risk of algorithmic bias, lack of transparency, or discriminatory outcomes in client deployments. The cost here is in R&D, governance, and auditing, not just legal fees.

Evolving tax laws in multiple operating jurisdictions affect effective tax rate

Operating across dozens of countries means Wipro's effective tax rate (ETR) is a moving target, constantly influenced by local tax code changes and international reforms like the OECD's Pillar Two (Global Minimum Tax). The biggest near-term uncertainty is in the US, where key provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) are set to expire, which could impact international tax rules like GILTI (Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income) and FDII (Foreign Derived Intangible Income).

Here's the quick math for the most recent period. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, Wipro reported a total tax expense of approximately ₹42,777 million. The company's ETR for FY2025 was 24.45%, a marginal decrease from 24.52% in FY2024. Still, the risk of litigation related to transfer pricing-the rules governing inter-company transactions-remains high and is explicitly flagged in their filings.

Tax Metric	Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2025	Change from FY2024
Effective Tax Rate (ETR)	24.45%	-0.07 percentage points
Total Tax Expense	₹42,777 million	Increased due to higher profits before tax
Key Regulatory Risk	US TCJA Expirations (e.g., GILTI, FDII) and OECD Pillar Two	Increased global tax complexity

Finance: draft a 13-week cash view by Friday, specifically modeling a 2-percentage-point increase in ETR to stress-test the impact of potential US tax reform changes. That's the defintely right next step.

Wipro Limited (WIT) - PESTLE Analysis: Environmental factors

Pressure from institutional investors for net-zero carbon emission targets by 2040

Institutional investor pressure is a significant, non-negotiable factor in Wipro Limited's environmental strategy. You're seeing major asset managers, including BlackRock, demand concrete climate action, so Wipro Limited's commitment to achieving Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 2040 is a direct response. This target is validated by the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) and aligns with the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C goal.

Wipro Limited has set a clear intermediate goal: a 55% reduction in Scope 3 emissions by 2030 from a 2020 baseline, and a 59% reduction in Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 2030 from a 2017 baseline. This isn't just a PR move; a low sustainability quotient can defintely impact new revenue lines and the cost of capital. Here's the quick math on their current progress toward those goals, based on the latest available data for the 2025 fiscal year.

Emissions Scope	FY2025 Emissions (tCO2e)	Reduction Status (vs. Baseline)
Scope 1 (Direct)	8,046	Ahead of target, with a 50% reduction.
Scope 2 (Energy Indirect)	23,416	Significantly ahead of target, with an 87% reduction.
Scope 3 (Value Chain)	119,522	Ahead of target, with a 57% reduction.

Increased client demand for sustainable, energy-efficient IT infrastructure

Client demand for Green IT is morphing from a nice-to-have to a contract requirement. Wipro Limited is actively addressing this by aiming to reduce the delivery footprint of its top 25 accounts by 50% in terms of Scope 1, 2, and 3 GHG emissions by 2030. This means clients are scrutinizing the carbon footprint of the services they purchase, forcing Wipro Limited to co-innovate on energy-efficient solutions.

Wipro Limited's strategy is to support clients in their own energy transition by modernizing operations. They are also making substantial internal investments to back this up:

• Achieve 100% Renewable Energy (RE) for all owned facilities by 2030.
• Target an Energy Performance Index (EPI) of below 80 units/sqm per annum for all new campuses.
• Already source around 75% of electricity in India from renewable sources, putting them ahead of the 2030 target.

This is a major competitive differentiator, especially when bidding for large contracts in the European Union or the US. It's about demonstrating a lower total cost of ownership, including the carbon cost.

Mandatory ESG reporting standards require robust data collection and auditing

The era of voluntary sustainability reporting is over. In 2025, mandatory Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting is the norm across major economies, requiring standardized, auditable data. Wipro Limited, operating globally, must comply with a complex web of regulations, including India's Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR), the European Union's Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), and US state-level mandates like California's SB 253, which requires disclosure of all three scopes of GHG emissions for large companies.

Compliance is a huge overhead, requiring a formal assessment of ESG risks integrated into the Enterprise Risk Management system. The need for third-party scrutiny is critical; Wipro Limited's key performance indicators are already subject to limited assurance by independent firms like Deloitte Haskins & Sells LLP. This shift demands precise, auditable data on everything from GHG emissions to water use, turning sustainability data into a financial reporting function.

Operational risks from extreme weather events in major delivery centers (e.g., India)

The physical risk of climate change, specifically extreme weather, poses a direct threat to Wipro Limited's operations, particularly in India, which houses major delivery centers. The Global Climate Risk Index 2025 places India as the sixth most affected country globally by extreme weather events. The Economic Survey of 2024-25 also cited India as the seventh most vulnerable country to climate change.

The risks are tangible and immediate, including floods, cyclones, and heatwaves, which can cause power outages, communication line damage, and workforce displacement. While Wipro Limited has risk management systems, the macro environment is deteriorating. Honestly, the biggest near-term risk is disruption to business continuity. The industry-wide lack of preparedness is stark: nearly 40% of Indian enterprises lack a formal Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery (BCDR) strategy, making the entire ecosystem vulnerable to a single major event.