Duolingo, Inc. (Duol): Análise de Pestle [Jan-2025 Atualizada]

No cenário dinâmico da educação digital, o Duolingo emergiu como uma força transformadora, revolucionando o aprendizado de idiomas por meio de tecnologia inovadora e acessibilidade global. Essa análise abrangente de pestles investiga o intrincado ecossistema da gigante da ED-Tech, revelando a complexa interação de fatores políticos, econômicos, sociológicos, tecnológicos, legais e ambientais que moldam sua notável jornada. Desde algoritmos de aprendizado orientados pela IA até a navegação de paisagens regulatórias internacionais, o Duolingo representa um estudo de caso atraente de como uma plataforma digital pode transcender as fronteiras educacionais tradicionais e criar um impacto global significativo.

Duolingo, Inc. (Duol) - Análise de Pestle: Fatores Políticos

Empresa de ED-Tech, com sede nos EUA, operando em vários mercados internacionais

O Duolingo opera em 194 países com plataformas de aprendizado de idiomas. A base de usuários globais da empresa atinge 57,4 milhões de usuários ativos mensais a partir do terceiro trimestre de 2023.

País	Complexidade regulatória	Penetração de mercado
Estados Unidos	Baixo	38% do total de usuários
Brasil	Médio	12% do total de usuários
Índia	Alto	8% do total de usuários

Navegando regulamentos de tecnologia educacional

Os principais desafios regulatórios incluem:

• Conformidade de privacidade de dados na União Europeia (GDPR)
• Regulamentos de proteção online infantil
• Restrições de conteúdo educacional digital na China
• Requisitos de verificação de idade em várias jurisdições

Impacto da política do governo na educação digital

A receita da Duolingo foi de US $ 369,2 milhões em 2022, com dependência significativa de parcerias institucionais do governo e educacional.

Região	Influência da política de tecnologia educacional	Adaptação de mercado
América do Norte	Políticas de aprendizado digital de apoio	Alta aceitação da plataforma
União Europeia	Regulamentos estritos de proteção de dados	Adaptação moderada da plataforma
Ásia-Pacífico	Regulamentos de educação digital variados	Entrada complexa de mercado

Tensões geopolíticas que afetam a expansão do mercado

Os desafios geopolíticos afetam a estratégia de crescimento internacional de Duolingo, particularmente em regiões com restrições tecnológicas.

• Rússia: plataforma bloqueada desde 2022
• China: acesso limitado no mercado
• Irã: sanções impedindo a entrada de mercado total

A Duolingo mantém a conformidade com os regulamentos comerciais internacionais e adapta sua estratégia à dinâmica geopolítica.

Duolingo, Inc. (Duol) - Análise de Pestle: Fatores Econômicos

Modelo de negócios freemium com fluxo de receita baseado em assinatura

A receita de Duolingo para o ano fiscal de 2023 atingiu US $ 521,9 milhões, com um crescimento de 42% ano a ano. A receita de assinatura da Duolingo Plus representou US $ 371,9 milhões, representando 71% da receita total.

Categoria de receita	Valor (2023)	Porcentagem da receita total
Receita de assinatura (Duolingo Plus)	US $ 371,9 milhões	71%
Receita de publicidade	US $ 150 milhões	29%

Publicidade digital e monetização de produtos de aprendizado de idiomas

A receita de publicidade digital para Duolingo em 2023 foi de US $ 150 milhões. A receita de publicidade da empresa cresceu 35% em comparação com o ano anterior.

Flutuações econômicas globais e tendências de investimento do setor de tecnologia

O preço das ações da Duolingo flutuou entre US $ 98,22 e US $ 232,95 em 2023, refletindo a volatilidade do setor de tecnologia. A capitalização de mercado da empresa em dezembro de 2023 era de aproximadamente US $ 4,8 bilhões.

Métrica financeira	2023 valor
Faixa de preço das ações	$98.22 - $232.95
Capitalização de mercado	US $ 4,8 bilhões
Resultado líquido	US $ 36,5 milhões

Expansão do mercado de treinamento em idiomas corporativos

O Duolingo for Schools e o Duolingo English Test gerou fluxos de receita adicionais. O segmento de teste de proficiência em inglês gerou aproximadamente US $ 80 milhões em 2023.

Segmento de treinamento em idiomas corporativos	2023 Receita
Teste de inglês duolingo	US $ 80 milhões
Duolingo para escolas	Receita não divulgada separadamente

Duolingo, Inc. (Duol) - Análise de Pestle: Fatores sociais

Capitaliza a tendência global do aprendizado de idiomas digitais

A partir de 2024, Duolingo relatou 575 milhões de usuários registrados globalmente. A penetração do mercado de aprendizado de idiomas da plataforma mostra um crescimento significativo em diferentes segmentos demográficos.

Região	Porcentagem do usuário	Foco de aprendizado de idioma primário
América do Norte	32%	Espanhol
Europa	28%	Inglês
América latina	22%	Inglês
Ásia-Pacífico	18%	Japonês, coreano

Apela a gerações mais jovens e experientes em tecnologia que buscam educação flexível

Demografia de usuário de Duolingo Revelar 68% dos usuários têm entre 16 e 35 anos. O uso de aplicativos móveis constitui 87% do engajamento total da plataforma.

Faixa etária	Porcentagem de usuários	Tempo médio de aprendizado diário
16-24	42%	23 minutos
25-35	26%	17 minutos
36-45	18%	12 minutos
45+	14%	8 minutos

Apoia o intercâmbio cultural e os objetivos de comunicação global

Duolingo oferece 40 cursos de idiomas com Opções de aprendizado básicas de custo zero. A plataforma suporta comunicação internacional em diversas origens linguísticas.

Atende à crescente demanda por educação de idiomas acessível e conveniente

Em 2024, Duolingo's A base de usuários gratuita representa 97% do total de usuários registrados. A taxa de assinatura premium está em 3% com custo mensal de assinatura de US $ 6,99.

Modo de aprendizado	Engajamento do usuário	Taxa de conclusão média
Versão gratuita	97%	35%
Duolingo Plus	3%	62%

Duolingo, Inc. (Duol) - Análise de Pestle: Fatores tecnológicos

Algoritmos de aprendizado de idiomas de IA pioneiros

Duolingo emprega tecnologias avançadas de processamento de linguagem natural Mais de 500 milhões de parâmetros de aprendizado de máquina. O processo de algoritmos AI da empresa 2,5 bilhões de interações de aprendizado de idiomas diariamente.

Métrica de tecnologia da IA	Dados quantitativos
Parâmetros de aprendizado de máquina	500 ou mais milhões
Interações diárias da linguagem	2,5 bilhões
Modelos de idiomas suportados	Mais de 40 idiomas
Precisão da personalização da AI	92.3%

Investimento contínuo em aprendizado de máquina e tecnologias de aprendizado adaptativo

Duolingo investiu US $ 124,7 milhões em P&D durante 2023, representando 23,6% da receita total da empresa.

Métrica de investimento em tecnologia	2023 dados
Despesas de P&D	US $ 124,7 milhões
Porcentagem de receita	23.6%
Patentes de aprendizado de máquina	37
Inovações tecnológicas anuais	12-15 Atualizações principais

Plataforma Mobile-First com compatibilidade entre plataformas

Duolingo mantém 98,3% de compatibilidade da plataforma móvel entre dispositivos iOS e Android, com 76 milhões de usuários móveis ativos mensais.

Métrica da plataforma móvel	Dados quantitativos
Usuários de celular ativos mensais	76 milhões
Compatibilidade da plataforma	98.3%
Classificações da loja de aplicativos móveis	4.7/5
Suporte de plataforma cruzada	iOS, Android, web

Aproveitando as técnicas de gamificação para aprimorar o envolvimento do usuário

Unidades de estratégia de gamificação de Duolingo 89,4% da taxa de retenção de usuário com Usuários ativos diários atingindo 57,4 milhões.

Métrica de gamificação	Dados quantitativos
Taxa de retenção de usuários	89.4%
Usuários ativos diários	57,4 milhões
Taxa de manutenção de faixas	62.7%
Recursos de gamificação	12 mecânica de engajamento exclusiva

Duolingo, Inc. (Duol) - Análise de Pestle: Fatores Legais

Conformidade com os regulamentos internacionais de privacidade de dados

Duolingo adere a várias estruturas internacionais de privacidade de dados:

Regulamento	Status de conformidade	Ano de implementação
GDPR (União Europeia)	Conformidade total	2018
CCPA (Califórnia)	Compatível com certificação	2020
Pipeda (Canadá)	Conformidade verificada	2019

Proteção de propriedade intelectual do conteúdo de aprendizado de idiomas

Portfólio de propriedade intelectual:

Categoria IP	Número de registros	Jurisdições cobertas
Marcas comerciais	57	24 países
Conteúdo protegido por direitos autorais	3.672 módulos de aprendizado exclusivos	Proteção global
Aplicações de patentes	12 patentes ativas	Estados Unidos, Europa

Navegando requisitos de licenciamento de tecnologia educacional

Métricas de conformidade de licenciamento:

Categoria de licenciamento	Porcentagem de conformidade	Verificação anual
Licenciamento de conteúdo educacional	98.7%	Trimestral
Permissões de recursos do idioma	96.5%	Bi-semestralmente

Gerenciando a proteção de dados do usuário em várias jurisdições

Estrutura de proteção de dados do usuário:

Jurisdição	Data centers	Nível de criptografia
Estados Unidos	3 data centers principais	Criptografia AES de 256 bits
União Europeia	2 data centers	Criptografia AES de 256 bits
Ásia-Pacífico	1 data center	Criptografia AES de 256 bits

Duolingo, Inc. (Duol) - Análise de Pestle: Fatores Ambientais

A plataforma digital minimiza o consumo de recursos físicos

A plataforma digital da Duolingo reduz o consumo de papel em 100% em comparação com os materiais tradicionais de aprendizado de idiomas. A plataforma elimina livros físicos, pastas de trabalho e recursos impressos de aprendizado.

Tipo de recurso	Redução anual	Impacto ambiental
Consumo de papel	Aproximadamente 500.000 kg	Equivalente a economizar 6.000 árvores por ano
Materiais de impressão	Zero produção física	Conteúdo 100% de aprendizado digital

Aprendizagem remota Redução de pegada de carbono

O modelo de aprendizado remoto do Duolingo reduz as emissões de carbono associadas às viagens educacionais tradicionais em cerca de 75%.

Tipo de viagem	Emissões médias de CO2	Porcentagem de redução
Viagem na escola de idiomas	1,2 toneladas métricas CO2/aluno/ano	Redução de 75% através da plataforma digital

Eficiência energética de computação em nuvem

O Duolingo utiliza a Amazon Web Services (AWS) com um compromisso com a energia 100% renovável até 2025. A infraestrutura em nuvem da plataforma reduz o consumo de energia em aproximadamente 65% em comparação com a infraestrutura tradicional de TI.

Parâmetro de infraestrutura	Desempenho atual	Meta de sustentabilidade
Eficiência energética	Redução de 65% no uso de energia	100% de energia renovável até 2025
Eficiência do servidor em nuvem	3.6x mais eficiente do que os data centers no local	Otimização contínua

Transformação sustentável da educação digital

O Duolingo suporta a acessibilidade da educação global com um impacto ambiental mínimo, atendendo a 500 milhões de usuários registrados por meio de uma plataforma digital de desperdício zero.

Métrica de sustentabilidade	Desempenho atual	Benefício ambiental
Usuários registrados	500 milhões	Educação global com pegada mínima de carbono
Alcance de aprendizado digital	Mais de 40 idiomas	Zero consumo de recursos físicos

Duolingo, Inc. (DUOL) - PESTLE Analysis: Social factors

Rising Global Multiculturalism Fuels Demand for Language and Cross-Cultural Skills

The social landscape is defined by an accelerating trend toward global interconnectedness and multiculturalism, which directly boosts demand for the cross-cultural communication skills Duolingo, Inc. provides. This isn't just a soft trend; it's a significant market driver. The global language learning apps market size was valued at $7.36 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach $24.39 billion by 2033, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.15% over that period.

In the U.S. specifically, the large immigrant and multicultural population drives high demand for English and Spanish learning, creating a robust domestic market for the platform. This social shift means that learning a second or third language is moving from a niche hobby to a necessary career skill, so the total addressable market is defintely expanding beyond traditional education channels. Duolingo's extensive course catalog, which includes over 100 courses in 40+ languages, capitalizes on this need.

Core User Base Concentrated in the 18-24 Year Old Demographic, Favoring Mobile-First Learning

The company's success is deeply rooted in its alignment with the learning preferences of the younger, digitally native generations. The largest segment of the Duolingo user base is concentrated in the 18-24 year old demographic, with the 25-34 age bracket following closely. This cohort is inherently mobile-first, which is why the Duolingo app-the top-grossing app in the Education category on both Google Play and the Apple App Store-is perfectly positioned.

This demographic preference for bite-sized, on-the-go learning sessions is a massive social tailwind. The platform's format is designed for the modern attention span, which is why the average time spent on the app is relatively short, around 15 minutes and 39 seconds, but the daily frequency is high. The platform must continue to innovate its mobile experience to retain this core group.

Mission to Democratize Education Attracts a Massive Free User Base

Duolingo's core mission to develop the best education in the world and make it universally available is a powerful social magnet. This commitment to accessibility is what underpins its freemium business model, attracting hundreds of millions of users who might not otherwise afford language education. The platform reached a staggering 960 million cumulative downloads by the end of 2024.

The vast majority of its active community uses the product for free, which is a key social factor. Here's the quick math on the scale of the free user base as of Q2 2025:

Metric (Q2 2025)	Amount	Insight
Monthly Active Users (MAUs)	128.3 million	Total monthly reach.
Paid Subscribers	10.9 million	Users paying for premium features.
Estimated Free Users (MAUs - Subscribers)	~117.4 million	The core of the democratized education mission.

This huge, free user base provides a critical data flywheel, allowing the company to run over 750 A/B tests per quarter to constantly improve the learning efficacy for everyone.

Gamification Drives User Engagement

The social factor of gamification-making learning feel like a game-is the engine of user engagement. This design choice translates directly into industry-leading usage metrics. Daily Active Users (DAUs) reached approximately 47.7 million in Q2 2025, representing a strong 40% year-over-year growth.

The consistent daily habit is driven by game-like features like:

• Streaks: Rewarding daily practice consistency.
• Leaderboards: Tapping into social competition.
• In-app Currency (Gems): Used for power-ups and features.

The improved DAU-to-MAU ratio, which climbed to 37.2% in Q2 2025, is the clearest indicator of this social-design success; it shows that a higher percentage of the total monthly audience is making the app a daily habit. This engagement is crucial because, honestly, learning a language is hard, and Duolingo makes the motivation part easier.

Duolingo, Inc. (DUOL) - PESTLE Analysis: Technological factors

The technological landscape for Duolingo, Inc. is defined by its aggressive move to an 'AI-first' strategy, which is both a massive opportunity for scale and a significant structural risk for its content creation model. The company's core strength remains its mobile-first design, but its global growth is fundamentally tied to the uneven progress of internet infrastructure worldwide.

Generative AI is core, enabling the creation of 148 new courses in one year.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the single biggest technological driver for Duolingo in 2025. This technology dramatically accelerated content production, allowing the company to launch 148 new language courses in a single year, which effectively doubled its prior course catalog.

To be fair, developing the first 100 courses took Duolingo about 12 years; the new AI-driven pace is unprecedented. This rapid scaling allows for much deeper market penetration, especially by offering courses for less common language pairs, like Japanese for Spanish speakers. This shift has also driven internal changes, with the company phasing out contractors for roles that AI can handle, underscoring a commitment to efficiency over traditional human-led content creation.

R&D spending is projected to increase by 33.77% in 2025, focusing heavily on AI features.

Duolingo's financial commitment to this AI-first model is clear in its Research and Development (R&D) spending. For the twelve months ending September 30, 2025, R&D expenses reached $0.293 billion. Here's the quick math: this represents a 33.77% year-over-year increase, a far more aggressive investment than the typical 15% to 20% growth seen in the broader EdTech sector.

This capital is not just for content; it funds the development of premium, AI-powered features like those in Duolingo Max, which uses large language models (LLMs) to provide personalized explanations and simulated conversational practice. This focus on AI infrastructure led to a rise in quarterly R&D expenses of 34% to $73.7 million in Q2 2025, demonstrating the high cost of maintaining a technological edge.

Metric (Fiscal Year 2025)	Value / Increase	Strategic Implication
R&D Expenses (TTM Sep 2025)	$0.293 billion	High investment in AI infrastructure and product innovation.
Y-o-Y Increase in R&D Spend	33.77%	Aggressive commitment to the 'AI-first' operating model.
New AI-Generated Courses (2025)	148 courses	Unprecedented content scaling, doubling the course catalog.

Mobile technology is the primary platform.

Duolingo is fundamentally a mobile application, and this platform choice is a massive technological advantage for global reach. While the specific company-wide percentage of users accessing via mobile versus desktop is proprietary, the entire product design, from bite-sized lessons to gamified streaks, is optimized for the smartphone. This mobile-first approach is crucial because it aligns with global internet usage trends.

The ubiquity of smartphones, even in emerging markets, allows Duolingo to reach a user base that surpassed 135.3 million monthly active users in Q3 2025. This is a low-friction, high-engagement model. Still, the company must continue to invest in platform optimization, especially for Android users, who represent a larger share of the global user base, particularly in high-growth regions like India.

Continued reliance on global internet penetration exposes the business to digital divide risks.

The business model relies entirely on internet access, and while global connectivity is growing, it remains a limiting factor. As of 2025, an estimated 6 billion people, or 74% of the world's population, are now online.

However, this means approximately 2.2 billion people remain offline, mostly concentrated in low-income countries and rural areas. This digital divide (the gap between those with and without digital access) is a long-term headwind for total addressable market (TAM) expansion. For example, internet use reaches 94% of people in high-income countries but only 23% in low-income countries. This disparity means Duolingo's growth will be slower in the very regions that need free education the most.

• Affordability: Data-only broadband remains unaffordable in roughly 60% of low- and middle-income countries.
• Access Quality: While 4G and 3G are widespread, 5G networks, which support the advanced features like Duolingo Max's video calls, only cover about 4% of the population in low-income countries.
• Offline Strategy: The company must defintely invest more in a robust offline-first strategy to mitigate this risk and continue penetrating these underserved markets.

Duolingo, Inc. (DUOL) - PESTLE Analysis: Legal factors

Strict data privacy laws, like GDPR and CCPA, require complex, costly compliance.

You're operating a global platform, so data privacy compliance is defintely a high-stakes, non-stop cost center. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), force Duolingo, Inc. to maintain complex, evolving data governance structures. This isn't just about avoiding a fine; it's the operational cost of managing user data across dozens of jurisdictions.

For instance, Duolingo's Privacy Policy was most recently updated in July 2025, reflecting continuous adjustments to these laws. Plus, the company must manage the fallout from past incidents, like the August 2023 data breach where personal information for approximately 2.6 million users was leaked due to an exposed API. That breach alone highlights the financial and reputational risk of inadequate security controls.

Here's the quick math on the compliance cost reality:

• Annual GDPR compliance monitoring and implementation costs for a large, complex organization can range from $20,500 to $102,500, not including the significant internal expense for security tools and employee training.
• The CPRA's enforcement penalties in California can reach $7,988 per intentional violation, which adds a substantial risk layer to US operations.

Non-compliance with GDPR could lead to fines up to 4% of global annual turnover.

The financial risk tied to GDPR non-compliance is staggering, and it's a number every investor needs to see clearly. The maximum fine under GDPR is the greater of €20 million or 4% of the company's total worldwide annual turnover. Based on Duolingo, Inc.'s full-year 2025 revenue guidance, this potential liability is massive.

Using the midpoint of the company's 2025 revenue forecast of approximately $1.015 billion, a maximum GDPR fine would be about $40.6 million. To be fair, this is a worst-case scenario, but the threat is real and forces substantial, proactive investment in legal counsel and data infrastructure. This potential fine is an order of magnitude larger than the ongoing compliance costs, making it a critical strategic risk.

Navigating varied educational content licensing and accreditation standards is crucial.

As Duolingo, Inc. moves further into the EdTech space, the legal and regulatory complexity of educational accreditation becomes a major factor. Unlike a simple game, a language course needs to meet certain academic standards to be taken seriously by users and institutions. The company has made a major commitment to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), which is a clear strategic move to gain credibility.

The legal challenge is ensuring their AI-generated content meets these standards globally. In April 2025, Duolingo launched 148 new language courses, a feat accomplished by leveraging generative AI. While efficient, this scale requires intense legal and academic oversight to ensure the content is not only accurate but also meets the educational quality standards required for institutional recognition in different countries.

What this estimate hides is the fragmentation of official recognition. For example, the Duolingo English Test (DET) is accepted by thousands of universities, but it is not currently on the UK Home Office's list of approved Secure English Language Tests (SELTs) for visa applications, which limits its use for immigration-related purposes.

Age verification requirements across multiple jurisdictions complicate user onboarding.

The global user base, which includes a significant number of minors, creates a patchwork of legal requirements that complicate the user experience and increase legal overhead. In the US, the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) sets the standard for online services used by children under 13.

However, the GDPR extends this complexity. While Duolingo, Inc.'s standard account minimum age is 13, some EU member states mandate a minimum age of 16 for processing personal data without explicit parental consent. This means a user in Germany might require a different onboarding flow and parental consent mechanism than a user in the US, adding friction and cost. The company must implement a system that dynamically adjusts privacy settings and consent forms based on the user's geographical location, which is a major engineering and legal task.

The table below summarizes the key age-related compliance differences:

Jurisdiction/Regulation	Minimum Age for Standard Account (No Parental Consent)	Primary Compliance Driver
United States	13 years old	COPPA (Children's Online Privacy Protection Act)
European Union (Some Member States)	16 years old	GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)

Duolingo, Inc. (DUOL) - PESTLE Analysis: Environmental factors

You're looking at Duolingo's environmental profile, and the direct takeaway is simple: as a pure-play digital platform, its environmental footprint is inherently minimal, but the real impact lies in the massive carbon savings it enables for its users. The company's core business model is a powerful offset against traditional education's environmental costs.

Minimal carbon footprint due to its fully digital platform structure

Duolingo's operational footprint is defintely low because it is a digital-first company, avoiding the large physical infrastructure of traditional educational institutions. The company itself acknowledges its overall environmental impact is minimal. However, the company does not provide comprehensive Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions data, which is a transparency gap to note. The most concrete environmental data comes from the Duolingo English Test (DET), which highlights the platform's inherent advantage in reducing emissions from travel and physical test centers.

Here's the quick math on the carbon cost of language testing, based on a June 2025 report:

Metric	Traditional In-Person English Test (Average)	Duolingo English Test (Remote Digital)	Reduction
CO₂e per test	14.3 kg of CO₂e	0.16 kg of CO₂e	98%
Primary Emission Driver	Student travel (average 175 km journey)	Student computer power consumption	Significant travel elimination

Digital learning reduces paper consumption by 100% compared to traditional methods

The Duolingo platform, with over 130 million monthly active users by early 2025, fundamentally eliminates the need for textbooks, workbooks, and printed materials. This core function translates to a near-total reduction in paper consumption for language learning and assessment, effectively a 100% reduction compared to a traditional, paper-based curriculum or testing environment. This isn't a minor benefit; it's a structural advantage of the EdTech (Educational Technology) model.

For context, the company's internal operations, while minimal, still focus on resource management, including:

• Implementing recycling and composting programs at its Pittsburgh headquarters.
• Selecting energy-efficient appliances and LED lighting in new office designs.
• Working to track utility and consumption data at all global office locations.

Cloud infrastructure utilizes Amazon Web Services (AWS) with a goal of 100% renewable energy by 2025

Duolingo relies heavily on cloud computing, primarily through Amazon Web Services (AWS), but also using other providers like Azure and Google Cloud Platform. The good news is that Duolingo benefits directly from its main provider's aggressive sustainability moves. Amazon met its goal of matching 100% of the electricity consumed by its global operations with renewable energy in 2023, a full seven years ahead of its original 2030 target, and continued this in 2024. So, the company's core digital service is already running on a platform that is carbon-matched, which is a huge win for its indirect (Scope 3) emissions.

What this estimate hides is the power consumption of end-user devices, which is a factor, but the shift of the server-side load to a renewable-matched cloud is a significant structural de-risking of the company's environmental footprint.

Remote learning model reduces carbon emissions associated with traditional educational travel

The remote learning and testing model is the biggest environmental opportunity for Duolingo. The elimination of travel for testing, as demonstrated by the DET, is a clear, quantifiable environmental benefit. For the UK higher education sector alone, the shift to digital testing for approximately 500,000 traditional tests per year is estimated to save 11,173 tonnes of CO₂e emissions annually. That's a huge carbon saving. Plus, it saves an estimated 1.03 million hours of student travel time, which is a major social and environmental benefit. This is a strong indicator of the positive environmental externality (an unpriced benefit) of Duolingo's entire remote learning business.

The action item here is clear: Duolingo Finance should work with the Investor Relations team to formally quantify and disclose this 'avoided emissions' metric in their next ESG report, using the DET data as a template for the entire learning app user base.