Polestar Automotive Holding UK Plc (PSNY): Business Model Canvas [Jan-2025 Mise à jour]

Dans le monde électrisant de l'innovation automobile, Polestar apparaît en tant que constructeur de véhicules électriques qui change la donne qui mélange de manière transparente la technologie de pointe, la conception durable et les performances premium. Né du partenariat stratégique entre Geely et Volvo, cette marque d'avant-garde redéfinit la mobilité pour le consommateur averti et soucieux de l'environnement qui a plus que le transport - ils souhaitent une expérience de conduite transformatrice qui remet en question les paradigmes automobiles conventionnels. Plongez dans la toile du modèle commercial complexe qui révèle comment Polestar ne vend pas seulement des voitures, mais la fabrication d'un écosystème de mobilité holistique qui promet de révolutionner le paysage des véhicules électriques.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK plc (PSNY) - Modèle d'entreprise: partenariats clés

Groupe de tenue geely

Plateau de propriété: 79,1% au quatrième trimestre 2023

Détails du partenariat	Impact financier
Collaboration stratégique de fabrication automobile	1,2 milliard de dollars d'investissement conjoint dans la technologie EV

Voitures Volvo

Spécificiaires de la collaboration technologique et de conception:

• Plate-forme d'architecture de véhicule partagée
• Investissements conjoints de recherche et développement

Métriques de collaboration	2023 données
Dépenses de R&D partagées	387 millions de dollars

CATL (technologie de la batterie)

Détails de l'accord d'alimentation de la batterie:

Paramètres de contrat	Spécification
Volume annuel d'alimentation de la batterie	10 GWh d'ici 2025
Valeur du contrat	650 millions de dollars

Fournisseurs automobiles mondiaux

• Bosch - composants électroniques
• Continental - Systèmes de groupe motopropulseur
• Magna International - Support de fabrication

Fournisseur	Valeur du contrat (2023)
Bosch	215 millions de dollars
Continental	180 millions de dollars

Facturer les fournisseurs d'infrastructures

Partenaire	Couverture réseau	Valeur de partenariat
Point de charge	47 000 bornes de recharge	95 millions de dollars
Électrifier l'Amérique	3 500 emplacements de charge	78 millions de dollars

Polestar Automotive Holding UK plc (PSNY) - Modèle d'entreprise: Activités clés

Conception et ingénierie des véhicules électriques

Polestar a investi 124,5 millions de dollars dans la R&D pour la conception des véhicules électriques en 2023. L'équipe d'ingénierie comprend 487 professionnels spécialisés dans des centres de conception à Göteborg, en Suède et Shanghai, en Chine.

Emplacement de conception	Personnel d'ingénierie	Investissement annuel de R&D
Göteborg, Suède	267 ingénieurs	68,3 millions de dollars
Shanghai, Chine	220 ingénieurs	56,2 millions de dollars

Développement de technologie de batterie avancée

La recherche sur la technologie des batteries s'est concentrée sur le développement de systèmes de batteries au lithium-ion haute performance avec une densité d'énergie actuelle de 250 wh / kg.

• Investissement annuel de technologie de la batterie: 92,7 millions de dollars
• Équipe de recherche de batterie: 156 ingénieurs spécialisés
• Densité d'énergie de la batterie actuelle: 250 wh / kg

Fabrication et assemblage de véhicules électriques

Capacité de production dans toutes les installations de fabrication en Chine et en Corée du Sud.

Emplacement de fabrication	Capacité de production annuelle	Volume de production actuel (2023)
Hangzhou, Chine	50 000 véhicules	38 475 véhicules
Incheon, Corée du Sud	30 000 véhicules	22 650 véhicules

Innovation de la plate-forme logicielle et numérique

Polestar a consacré 45,6 millions de dollars à la plate-forme numérique et au développement de logiciels en 2023.

• Équipe d'ingénierie logicielle: 213 professionnels
• Budget de développement de la plate-forme numérique: 45,6 millions de dollars
• Plateformes logicielles propriétaires: 3 systèmes principaux

Marketing mondial et positionnement de la marque

Les dépenses de marketing et les détails de la présence de la marque mondiale.

Région marketing	Budget marketing	Nombre de marchés
Europe	37,2 millions de dollars	22 pays
Amérique du Nord	28,5 millions de dollars	12 pays
Asie-Pacifique	32,8 millions de dollars	15 pays

Polestar Automotive Holding UK Plc (PSNY) - Modèle d'entreprise: Ressources clés

Plate-forme de technologie de véhicule électrique avancée

La plate-forme technologique de Polestar comprend les spécifications clés suivantes:

Composant technologique	Spécification
Architecture de véhicules électriques	Plate-forme électrique de performance premium
Technologie de la batterie	Catl Cellules de lithium-ion à haute densité
Plage de capacité de la batterie	78 kWh à 100 kWh
Fourchette par charge	270-350 miles

Talent de conception et d'ingénierie

Composition de la main-d'œuvre d'ingénierie de Polestar:

• Total des employés de R&D: 1 200
• Ingénieurs titulaires de diplômes avancés: 68%
• Centres mondiaux de R&D: 3 (Suède, Chine, États-Unis)

Portefeuille de propriété intellectuelle

Catégorie IP	Nombre de brevets
Brevets du groupe motopropulseur électrique	87
Brevets technologiques de la batterie	42
Prouvements d'infrastructure de charge	23

Installations de fabrication durable

Détails de l'infrastructure de fabrication:

• Lieu de fabrication primaire: Chengdu, Chine
• Capacité de production annuelle: 65 000 véhicules
• Engagement de fabrication neutre en carbone: d'ici 2030

Investissements financiers stratégiques

Métrique financière	Montant
Investissement total en capital 2023	487 millions de dollars
Dépenses de R&D	276 millions de dollars
Investissement d'infrastructure manufacturier	210 millions de dollars

Polestar Automotive Holding UK plc (PSNY) - Modèle d'entreprise: propositions de valeur

Véhicules électriques haut de gamme et axés sur les performances

Polestar propose des véhicules électriques haute performance avec des spécifications de modèle spécifiques:

Modèle	Fourchette	Gamme	Accélération (0-60 mph)
Polestar 2	$48,400 - $67,400	270-320 miles	4,3 secondes
Polestar 3	$83,900 - $95,300	300-370 miles	4,0 secondes

Solutions de mobilité durables et soucieuses de l'environnement

• Cible de réduction de l'empreinte carbone: 50% d'ici 2030
• Utilisation de matériaux recyclés dans la production de véhicules: 17%
• Approvisionnement responsable Verifié en blockchain des matériaux de batterie

Conception de pointe et innovation technologique

Investissements et innovations technologiques:

Technologie	Investissement	Année de mise en œuvre
Technologie de batterie avancée	350 millions de dollars	2024
Systèmes autonomes dirigés par l'IA	275 millions de dollars	2025

Modèle de vente directe aux consommateurs

Répartition des canaux de vente:

Canal de vente	Pourcentage	Volume annuel
Ventes directes en ligne	62%	38 500 véhicules
Salles d'exposition de marque	38%	23 700 véhicules

Expérience de marque minimaliste et axée sur la technologie

• Indice de perception de la marque: 8.2 / 10
• Plateformes d'interaction numérique: 4 systèmes intégrés
• Évaluation de satisfaction du client: 93%

Polestar Automotive Holding UK Plc (PSNY) - Modèle d'entreprise: relations avec les clients

Engagement du client auprès du numérique

Polestar utilise une approche numérique d'abord avec 87% des interactions client qui se produisent via des canaux numériques au quatrième trimestre 2023. La plate-forme numérique de l'entreprise prend en charge l'engagement client sur 22 marchés mondiaux.

Métrique de l'engagement numérique	Performance de 2023
Interactions en ligne	87%
Marchés numériques mondiaux	22
Téléchargements d'applications mobiles	275,000

Configuration en ligne et plate-forme de vente directe

Polestar exploite un plateforme de vente en ligne entièrement intégrée avec modèle de vente directe aux consommateurs.

• Configuration des véhicules numériques à 100% disponibles
• Option d'achat en ligne direct
• Transparence des prix en temps réel

Support client personnalisé

Les canaux de support client comprennent des points de contact numériques et physiques avec une disponibilité 24/7.

Canal de support	Temps de réponse
Chat en ligne	Moyenne 3,2 minutes
Assistance par e-mail	Dans les 8 heures
Support téléphonique	Disponible 24/7

Processus de tarification et d'achat transparents

Polestar maintient un stratégie de tarification fixe sans modèle de négociation.

• Prix ​​fixe sur tous les marchés
• Aucune majoration des concessionnaires
• Compléter la transparence des prix en ligne

Interaction de la marque axée sur la communauté

Métriques d'engagement de la communauté numérique pour 2023:

Plateforme de médias sociaux	Nombre de suiveurs
Instagram	412,000
Liendin	185,000
Twitter / x	98,000

Polestar Automotive Holding UK Plc (PSNY) - Modèle d'entreprise: canaux

Plateforme de vente directe en ligne

Polestar exploite une plate-forme de vente en ligne directe avec les mesures clés suivantes:

Métrique de la plate-forme	2024 données
Pays des configurateurs en ligne	22 pays
Taux d'achèvement de la commande numérique	68% du total des ventes
Valeur de transaction en ligne moyenne	63 500 $ par véhicule

Centres d'expérience de marque Polestar

Polestar maintient un réseau stratégique de centres d'expérience de marque:

• Total des centres d'expérience mondiale: 150
• Pays avec des centres d'expérience: 18
• Taille du centre moyen: 800 mètres carrés

Sélectionnez les concessionnaires automobiles

Polestar collabore avec certains partenaires automobiles:

Métrique du réseau de concessionnaires	2024 données
Concessionnaires partenaires	287 emplacements mondiaux
Marques partenaires primaires	Volvo, Geely Automotive Group

Canaux de marketing numérique

PORTÉ DE MARKETING NUMÉRIQUE DE POLESTAR:

• Abonnés des médias sociaux: 1,2 million
• Plateaux principaux: Instagram, LinkedIn, YouTube
• Dépenses publicitaires numériques: 14,3 millions de dollars par an

Démonstrations de produits virtuels

Métriques d'engagement virtuel:

Métrique de démonstration virtuelle	2024 données
Drives de test virtuels mensuels	22 500 séances
Durée moyenne de la session virtuelle	37 minutes
Taux de conversion du virtuel à l'achat réel	16%

Polestar Automotive Holding UK plc (PSNY) - Modèle d'entreprise: segments de clientèle

Professionnels urbains avertis en technologie

En 2023, Polestar a ciblé les professionnels urbains âgés de 30 à 45 ans avec des revenus annuels de 150 000 $ +. Les études de marché indiquent que 62% de ce segment privilégie l'intégration de la technologie dans les véhicules.

Caractéristiques démographiques	Pourcentage
Tranche d'âge	30-45 ans
Revenu annuel moyen	$150,000
Préférence technologique	62%

Consommateurs soucieux de l'environnement à revenu élevé

Le segment cible de Polestar comprend les consommateurs ayant des revenus annuels supérieurs à 250 000 $ qui priorisent la durabilité. En 2023, 48% des acheteurs de voitures de luxe ont considéré l'impact environnemental dans les décisions d'achat.

• Revenu moyen des ménages: 250 000 $ +
• Taux de considération environnementale: 48%
• Marché de véhicules de luxe durable: 12,4 milliards de dollars (2023)

Adoptères des premiers véhicules électriques

En 2023, les premiers adoptants EV représentaient 22% du marché mondial des véhicules électriques, avec un âge moyen de 35 à 50 ans et un revenu médian de 185 000 $.

Métriques d'adoption EV	Valeur
Part de marché	22%
Âge médian	35-50 ans
Revenu médian	$185,000

Performance Car amashiats

Les amateurs de voitures de performance représentent un segment clé pour Polestar, avec 35% intéressé par les véhicules électriques haute performance. Dépenses moyennes sur les véhicules de performance: 85 000 $.

• Performance EV Intérêt: 35%
• Dépenses moyennes des véhicules: 85 000 $
• Marché mondial des voitures de performance: 47,6 milliards de dollars (2023)

Marché de luxe axé sur la durabilité

Le marché de luxe axé sur la durabilité a atteint 18,5 milliards de dollars en 2023, avec Polestar ciblant les consommateurs disposés à investir dans des véhicules électriques premium avec un impact environnemental minimal.

Segment de luxe de durabilité	Métrique
Taille du marché	18,5 milliards de dollars
Volonté d'achat EV premium	41%
Coût moyen du véhicule	$78,500

Polestar Automotive Holding UK Plc (PSNY) - Modèle d'entreprise: Structure des coûts

Investissements de recherche et développement

Pour l'exercice 2023, Polestar a déclaré des dépenses de R&D de 317,2 millions de dollars, ce qui représente 16,4% des revenus totaux.

Catégorie de R&D	Montant d'investissement (USD)
Développement du groupe motopropulseur électrique	128,5 millions de dollars
Technologie de la batterie	95,7 millions de dollars
Systèmes logiciels et autonomes	93,0 millions de dollars

Coûts de fabrication et de production

Les dépenses de fabrication totales pour 2023 étaient de 742,6 millions de dollars, avec un coût de production par véhicule d'environ 55 000 $.

• Installations de production en Chine: Lieu de fabrication primaire
• Capacité de production annuelle: 65 000 véhicules
• Perte-manche de fabrication par véhicule: 8 500 $

Développement de la technologie des batteries

L'investissement technologique des batteries en 2023 a totalisé 95,7 millions de dollars, en se concentrant sur l'amélioration de la densité énergétique et la réduction des coûts de production.

Focus sur la technologie des batteries	Allocation des investissements
Amélioration de la densité d'énergie	45,3 millions de dollars
Recherche de réduction des coûts	35,2 millions de dollars
Matériaux de batterie durable	15,2 millions de dollars

Marketing mondial et positionnement de la marque

Les frais de marketing pour 2023 étaient de 156,4 millions de dollars, ce qui représente 8,1% des revenus totaux.

• Budget de marketing numérique: 68,3 millions de dollars
• Marketing d'événement et de parrainage: 42,1 millions de dollars
• Publicité traditionnelle: 46,0 millions de dollars

Frais de chaîne d'approvisionnement et logistique

Les coûts totaux de la chaîne d'approvisionnement et de la logistique pour 2023 s'élevaient à 287,5 millions de dollars.

Catégorie logistique	Montant des dépenses (USD)
Approvisionnement des composants	142,6 millions de dollars
Transport et expédition	87,3 millions de dollars
Gestion de l'entreposage et des stocks	57,6 millions de dollars

Polestar Automotive Holding UK plc (PSNY) - Modèle d'entreprise: Strots de revenus

Ventes de véhicules électriques

Polestar a déclaré des livraisons totales de véhicules de 54 600 unités en 2023, générant des revenus automobiles de 1,86 milliard de dollars. Les modèles principaux incluent Polestar 2 et Polestar 3.

Modèle	Prix ​​de vente moyen	2023 Volume de vente
Polestar 2	$55,300	47 000 unités
Polestar 3	$84,500	7 600 unités

Modèle de vente directe aux consommateurs

Le canal de vente en ligne représentait 65% des transactions totales de véhicules en 2023. L'approche des ventes directes élimine les intermédiaires traditionnels de concessionnaires.

• Temps de transaction en ligne moyen: 37 minutes
• La plate-forme de configuration numérique couvre 12 marchés mondiaux
• Les ventes directes ont réduit les coûts de distribution d'environ 18%

Services d'abonnement et de location

Polestar propose des modèles de propriété flexibles avec des taux d'abonnement mensuels allant de 659 $ à 1 099 $ selon le modèle et la configuration.

Type de service	Coût mensuel	Fonctionnalités incluses
Bail standard	$659	Entretien de base, 12 000 miles / an
Bail premium	$1,099	Entretien complet, 15 000 miles / an

Pièces et accessoires de rechange

Les revenus du marché secondaire ont atteint 42,3 millions de dollars en 2023, ce qui représente 2,2% du total des revenus automobiles.

• Kits de mise à niveau des performances: 1 200 $ - 3 500 $
• Packages de personnalisation extérieurs: 750 $ - 2 300 $
• Bundles accessoires intérieurs: 450 $ - 1 800 $

Services potentiels de mobilité future

Revenus de services de mobilité projetés estimés à 75 à 90 millions de dollars d'ici 2025, y compris le développement de technologies de conduite autonome et les services potentiels de gestion de la flotte.

Catégorie de service	Revenus annuels prévus	Année de lancement cible
Plate-forme de conduite autonome	45 à 55 millions de dollars	2025
Solutions de gestion de la flotte	30 à 35 millions de dollars	2026

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Value Propositions

Premium electric performance with distinct Scandinavian design.

The product offering is anchored by performance figures and a design language rooted in Scandinavian minimalism. You see this reflected in the model mix, where the higher-priced Polestar 3 and Polestar 4 accounted for 65% of the retail sale volume in the first nine months of 2025, up from well over 50% of the volume in the first half of 2025.

The performance envelope continues to expand with the highly anticipated Polestar 5 GT, scheduled for launch in the second half of 2025. This model utilizes an advanced 800V platform architecture and is engineered to deliver 884 horsepower.

The product range is actively addressing multiple luxury EV segments, including the forthcoming Polestar 7, designed as a premium compact SUV intended to replace the Polestar 2 around 2027.

Clear sustainability roadmap (Polestar 0 project, climate-neutral by 2040).

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC has set a long-term ambition to become a fully climate-neutral company by 2040. The core of this is the Polestar 0 project, which aims to develop a truly climate-neutral car by 2030 without relying on carbon offsets.

The Polestar 0 project timeline shows the Research phase concluding in 2025, transitioning into the Applied Sciences phase from 2025 to 2027, followed by Production Development from 2027 to 2029, with production start targeted for Summer 2030.

The company has already achieved significant progress toward its climate goals, having reduced greenhouse gas emissions per vehicle sold by 25% since 2020. This is part of a commitment to halve per-vehicle greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.

The financial results for the first nine months of 2025 show a notable contribution from environmental compliance, with carbon credit sales totaling $123 million, compared to almost no sales a year earlier. Specifically, $104 million was booked in revenue under the new EU pooling agreement, with an additional $19 million booked in other operating income.

The sustainability commitment is quantified by these figures:

Sustainability Metric	Target/Value	Period/Context
Climate Neutral Company Target	2040	Value Chain
Climate Neutral Car Target (Polestar 0)	2030	Production
GHG Emissions Reduction Achieved	25%	Since 2020 (per vehicle sold)
GHG Emissions Reduction Target	Halve	By 2030 (per vehicle sold)
Carbon Credit Sales (9M 2025)	$123 million	Total recognized
Polestar 0 Project Phase (Applied Sciences)	2025 - 2027	Timeline milestone

Seamless digital experience via Google-integrated infotainment.

Access to smart home charging and energy management (Polestar Energy).

The Polestar Energy app is designed to lower the total cost of ownership. By integrating with tariffs like Intelligent Octopus Go, the app enables smart charging for as low as 7p/kWh between the hours of 11:30 pm and 05:30 am, aiming to reduce home charging costs by up to 70%.

The company is also rolling out advanced energy features. Bi-directional vehicle-to-home (V2H) charging offers were launched in the United States for Polestar 3 customers in California, utilizing the Ara Home Energy Station, which provides blackout support of up to 2.5 days without rationing.

The Polestar Charge network provides broad access for drivers:

• Direct access to over 900,000 individual charging points across Europe via the standard offer.
• The Polestar Charge Subscription in the UK costs £11.99 per month.
• In the UK, subscribers receive a 30% discount at 5,854 charging points.
• In Germany, the network includes 8,396 charging points from six providers with a 30% discount.

Expanding product range addressing multiple luxury EV segments.

The commercial transformation is supported by an expanding and strategically segmented product portfolio. The company is moving toward a unified architecture to reduce complexity and capital investments, following the introduction of new models.

Key product data points as of late 2025 reporting:

The Polestar 3 and Polestar 4 models are central to current volume, representing 65% of the 44,482 retail sales volume in the first nine months of 2025. The company's revenue for this nine-month period reached $2,171 million, a growth of 48.8% year-over-year, driven by these higher-priced models.

The operational footprint is also expanding to align with target markets. The non-China dealer network grew by 40% to 169 sales points by the end of the second quarter of 2025. Furthermore, the forthcoming Polestar 7 compact SUV will be the brand's first vehicle produced in Europe.

Here are the key models and their associated metrics:

Model	Key Feature/Metric	Context/Value
Polestar 5 GT	884 horsepower	Scheduled for H2 2025 launch
Polestar 3/4 Volume Share	65%	Of 9M 2025 retail sales volume
Polestar 7	New entry-level compact SUV	First Polestar vehicle produced in Europe
Polestar 3 V2H Availability	Yes	Initially for California customers

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Customer Relationships

You're looking at how Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC connects with the people buying their vehicles as of late 2025. The strategy has clearly pivoted from a pure digital approach to a hybrid one, driven by the need to hit aggressive growth targets.

Direct-to-consumer online sales model for transparency

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC maintains the direct-to-consumer online channel, which allows customers to configure and order their vehicles digitally, supporting the initial vision of transparency. However, this model is now explicitly presented as an option alongside physical retail, as the company targets a compound annual retail sales volume growth of 30-35% from 2025 to 2027. The shift away from an online-only strategy was deemed necessary because online sales alone could not achieve this growth goal. For context on the volume shift, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC sold just under 45,000 cars worldwide in the previous year (specifically 44,851 units). The first half of 2025 saw retail sales total 30,319 cars, a 51% year-over-year increase, showing the impact of the evolving channel strategy.

Personalized engagement through expanding physical Polestar Spaces

The physical presence, branded as Polestar Spaces, remains central for initial impressions and product experience, even as the ordering process evolves. The company is actively expanding this footprint. Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC planned to expand its retail spaces in Europe from 70 to 130 locations and in North America from 36 to 57 locations. In the first half of 2025 alone, sales points, excluding China, grew by 48 sites, representing a 39.7% increase, signaling rapid physical network acceleration. The CEO noted that with an average of five new sales points opening per month in the second quarter of 2025, they are making it easier for more customers to experience a Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC vehicle.

Active selling model via new retail partners for better reach

The transition to an 'active selling model' involves a greater role for retail partners, moving beyond the initial model where Spaces primarily provided information before directing orders online. This new model, which started in March 2025, includes partners being authorized to sell vehicles under a non-genuine agency structure in some markets. This push for broader reach is evident in the expansion metrics:

• Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC signed up a total of 26 new retail partners in H1 2025.
• The brand entered seven new markets in 2025, including France, which became the 28th market for the brand.
• The UK retail network, which began with a small number of locations, was targeted to double within the next 18 months.

This channel evolution is directly tied to financial performance; the Q2 2025 retail sales of 18,049 cars, a 38% jump year-over-year, is attributed in part to this retail network expansion.

After-sales service network supported by Volvo Cars service centers

Customer service relies heavily on the established infrastructure of its partner, Volvo Cars. While customers may not be expected to visit a Volvo showroom for sales, the after-sales support leverages this existing network. Volvo service centers are equipped to work on Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC vehicles, given the shared platforms. The structure includes a coordinated collection and delivery service for servicing, which the driver can book via a mobile app. The service points metric, which represents Volvo Cars service centers, is tracked as part of the overall commercial footprint supporting international expansion. For fleet customers, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC historically priced the vehicle to include delivery and three years of servicing, with Volvo dealers paid by Polestar to manage the delivery, collection, and courtesy car provision.

Here's a quick look at the physical footprint growth supporting these relationships as of mid-2025:

Metric	European Target	North American Target	H1 2025 Growth (Ex-China)
Sales Areas/Locations	130 (from 70)	57 (from 36)	48 sites (39.7% increase)

If onboarding takes 14+ days, churn risk rises, so the pace of adding these physical touchpoints is critical.

Finance: draft 13-week cash view by Friday.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Channels

You're looking at how Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC gets its vehicles and services into the hands of customers as of late 2025. The strategy blends digital direct sales with a growing physical presence, supported by digital services.

Direct-to-consumer e-commerce platform remains a core channel. Customers maintain the ability to configure their electric vehicle (BEV) online and proceed with the purchase directly through this established digital sales channel, offering a clear choice alongside physical touchpoints. This digital route is central to the direct-to-consumer approach.

The physical channel relies on the global network of Polestar Spaces. These are not traditional showrooms; they are carefully sculpted retail environments. Polestar is actively expanding this footprint to meet its growth targets, which include specific goals for Europe and North America.

Region	Current/Planned Spaces (Late 2025)	2026 Target (Global)
Europe	Planned expansion to 130 Spaces	187 Total Locations (75% increase from 106 in 2024)
North America	Planned expansion to 57 Spaces (from 36)

The transition in Europe involves a shift to a non-genuine agency sales model, which still supports the online configuration and ordering process. Furthermore, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is building out its physical network through partnerships.

For example, in the first half of 2025, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC signed up a total of 26 new retail partners. The company is working very closely with the Volvo network as part of its expansion strategy in certain markets, such as the US, where they utilize independent authorized dealers for direct-to-business sales support.

Digital services extend beyond the point of sale. Polestar is launching its energy business, Polestar Energy, which utilizes the Polestar Energy app to enhance the ownership experience. This service is launching in eleven key European markets, including the UK, Germany, and Sweden. The core value proposition of this channel is helping customers reduce their home charging costs by up to 30% through smarter charging management and grid support.

• Polestar Energy app aims to cut home charging costs by up to 30%.
• Service launched in eleven initial European markets by early 2025.
• The service is expected to become another important pillar of the Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC business.

Finance: draft 13-week cash view by Friday.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Customer Segments

You're looking at the core groups Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is targeting as it pushes for profitability in 2025. The company is clearly segmenting its market based on affluence, environmental commitment, performance desire, and business needs.

Affluent, design-conscious consumers in Europe and North America represent a primary target, especially for the Polestar 2. For the 2025 model year in the United States, the Polestar 2 lineup consolidated into one high-performance, well-equipped, and sporty model, which starts at an MSRP of $66,200. This pricing places it squarely against established luxury badges like BMW, which is a deliberate choice to capture buyers willing to pay a premium for Scandinavian design and a distinct EV identity. Europe remains the core market, accounting for the lion's share of Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC sales.

Environmentally-aware early adopters of premium EV technology are the foundation that has driven Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC's growth trajectory. These customers are responding to the brand's focus on uncompromised design and innovation alongside sustainability commitments, such as the goal to achieve climate neutrality across its value chain by 2040. The success of this segment is visible in the volume metrics: Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC reported retail sales volumes of approximately 30,319 cars for the first half of 2025, a 51% growth compared to the first six months of 2024. This indicates a growing base of consumers actively choosing premium electric mobility.

Commercial fleets and business customers seeking premium EVs are being courted through an Active Sales Model. This model gives commercial fleets a choice between the established direct-to-consumer online sales channel and an expanding network of retail partners. Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is also monetizing its sustainability focus through business channels; for the first nine months of 2025, the company achieved carbon credits sales totaling $123 million, exceeding its three-digit million-dollar target ahead of schedule. The Polestar 3 and Polestar 4 models were significant drivers of order intake in late 2024, suggesting strong business interest in their SUV/crossover offerings.

The final key segment targets High-performance luxury buyers, primarily being addressed by the launch of the Polestar 5 four-door GT in the second half of 2025. This model is engineered to deliver an impressive 884 horsepower, positioning it as a direct competitor to top-tier luxury performance EVs like the Porsche Taycan and Tesla Model S. The Polestar 5 is intended to act as a brand shaper, attracting affluent buyers who prioritize both high performance and sustainability, reinforcing the premium positioning Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is aiming for.

Here's a quick look at the scale of the customer base and key financial metrics relevant to these segments as of late 2025:

Metric	Value (2025 Fiscal Data)	Period/Context
Retail Sales Volume (H1)	30,319 cars	First Half of 2025
Retail Sales Volume (Q3)	Estimated 14,192 cars	Third Quarter of 2025
Revenue (9 Months Ended Sept 30)	USD 2,171 million	First Nine Months of 2025
Carbon Credits Sales	USD 123 million	First Nine Months of 2025
Polestar 2 Starting MSRP (US)	$66,200	2025 Model Year
Polestar 5 Horsepower	884 hp	Target specification for the 2025 launch

The company's commercial expansion efforts are directly supporting the reach into these segments:

• Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC operates in 27 markets globally across North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific.
• The company planned to enter seven new markets in 2025, including France, Poland, and Thailand.
• Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is expanding its retail footprint, planning to grow from 36 to 57 retail spaces in North America alone.
• The shift to an agency sales model is being implemented across key European markets like Sweden and Norway.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Cost Structure

You're looking at the hard numbers that drive Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC's expenses right now, late in 2025. It's a picture dominated by high costs associated with scaling up production and managing a significant financial structure. Honestly, the balance sheet tells a story of heavy investment and the resulting financial obligations.

The Cost of Sales has been severely impacted by one-off charges. For the second quarter of 2025, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC booked a non-cash impairment expense of $739 million, specifically related to the Polestar 3 CGU (Cash Generating Unit). This single event heavily skewed the reported gross margin. For the first half of 2025, the reported gross margin stood at a negative 49.4%. The Cost of Sales for the second quarter alone was reported at $701.1 million.

The path to new models requires substantial upfront spending. Research and Development (R&D) expenses were noted as higher in the first half of 2025 due to a lower capitalization rate. Capital expenditure, reflected in negative investing cash flows, consumed $321.675 million in the six months ending June 30, 2025. To manage this, the company announced a reduction of R&D staff as part of a strategy to use existing architectures from Geely Group for future models.

Manufacturing and logistics costs present ongoing friction. The higher Cost of Sales in the first half of 2025 was linked to increased production costs for the Polestar 3 and Polestar 4, alongside higher tariffs. The US tariffs implemented in 2025 and EU tariffs from October 2024 on components and vehicles imported from China introduced new headwinds for Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC's global operations. Pressure on pricing and adjustments of inventory to net realizable value also impacted the Adjusted Gross Margin in the first nine months of 2025.

Selling, General, and Administrative (SG&A) expenses are actively being managed. The company has been implementing a cost discipline program, which includes streamlining SG&A activities. This optimization, driven by lower fixed marketing expenses and lower headcount, helped contribute to an improvement in Adjusted EBITDA in the first half of 2025.

Financing the operations means dealing with a substantial debt load. As of the quarter ending June 30, 2025, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC reported Total Debt of approximately $5.65 billion. This level is near the maximum quarterly financial indebtedness covenant of $5.5 billion that the company must comply with under certain financing instruments. The Long-Term Debt component specifically stood at $2.43 billion as of that same date. This debt burden, mentioned in reports as being around $5.1 billion, sits against Total Liabilities of approximately $7.91 billion as of June 30, 2025.

Here are some key figures related to the cost base as of mid-2025:

Cost/Liability Category	Financial Metric	Amount (USD)	Period/Date
Cost of Sales	Reported Cost of Sales	$701.1 million	Q2 2025
Impairment Expense	Non-cash Impairment Charge (Polestar 3)	$739 million	Q2 2025
Gross Margin	Reported Gross Margin	(97.2)%	Q2 2025
Gross Margin	Reported Gross Margin (H1)	(49.4)%	First Half 2025
Investing Activities	Negative Cash Flow from Investing	$321.675 million	Six Months Ended 06/30/2025
Debt Burden	Total Debt	$5.65 billion	06/30/2025
Debt Burden	Maximum Quarterly Financial Indebtedness Covenant	$5.5 billion	As per financing instruments
Debt Burden	Long-Term Debt	$2.43 billion	06/30/2025
Liabilities	Total Liabilities	$7.91 billion	06/30/2025

The company is actively managing fixed costs, including labor costs associated with its own employees and full-time consultants through organizational restructuring. Also, carbon credit sales provided a partial offset, totaling $123 million for the first nine months of 2025.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Revenue Streams

You're looking at the core ways Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC brings in money as of late 2025. It's a mix of core product sales and some unique, high-margin environmental credits that have become quite important to the top line.

Vehicle Sales remain the primary engine for Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC's revenue generation. The momentum from new model introductions, specifically the Polestar 3 and Polestar 4, has been a key driver in increasing the overall revenue figure, despite pricing pressure in the market environment. The shift to an active selling model, utilizing Volvo's dealer network, also helped push volumes through.

The quantified performance for the first nine months of 2025 clearly shows this reliance:

Revenue Stream Component	Period Ended September 30, 2025
Total Revenue	USD 2,171 million
Vehicle Sales Revenue (Implied)	USD 2,171 million
Sales of CO2 Credits	USD 123 million

Sales of CO2 Credits have become a significant, albeit potentially less predictable, component of the total revenue picture. Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC achieved its target of three-digit million-dollar carbon credits sales ahead of plan for the first nine months of 2025. This stream was minimal in the prior year, contrasting sharply with the current figures.

• $\text{CO}_2$ Credits Revenue (9M 2025): USD 123 million.
• $\text{CO}_2$ Credits Revenue (Q3 2025 only): USD 33 million.
• $\text{CO}_2$ Credits Revenue (H1 2025 only): USD 72 million.

Vehicle Financing through Polestar Financial Services is an expected component, often supporting vehicle sales through leasing and loan arrangements. While the company reported incurring residual value guarantee costs related to North American markets, specific, standalone revenue figures for Polestar Financial Services offerings for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, were not explicitly detailed separately from the main revenue line in the latest public summaries.

Aftermarket and Accessories sales, which would include items from the Additionals shop, are typically bundled within the overall revenue reporting for automotive companies unless they reach a significant threshold to be broken out. No specific financial amount for sales through the Additionals shop for the period ending late 2025 has been separately disclosed.

Energy Services, stemming from emerging platforms like the Polestar Energy platform, represent a future-facing revenue stream. As this is described as an emerging area, concrete, quantified revenue figures for the first nine months of 2025 are not available in the primary financial disclosures reviewed.

Finance: draft 13-week cash view by Friday.