Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY): Modelo de negócios Canvas [Jan-2025 Atualizado]

No mundo eletrizante da inovação automotiva, a Polestar surge como um fabricante de veículos elétricos que muda o jogo que combina perfeitamente com tecnologia de ponta, design sustentável e desempenho premium. Nascido da parceria estratégica entre Geely e Volvo, essa marca de vanguarda está redefinindo a mobilidade para o consumidor de tecnologia e consciência ambientalmente consciente que deseja mais do que apenas transporte-eles desejam uma experiência de direção transformadora que desafia os paradigmas automotivos convencionais. Mergulhe na intrincada tela do modelo de negócios que revela como a Polestar não está apenas vendendo carros, mas criando um ecossistema holístico de mobilidade que promete revolucionar a paisagem de veículos elétricos.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negócios: Parcerias -chave

Geely Holding Group

APRETA DE PROPRIEDADE: 79,1% a partir do quarto trimestre 2023

Detalhes da parceria	Impacto financeiro
Colaboração estratégica de fabricação automotiva	US $ 1,2 bilhão de investimento conjunto em tecnologia EV

Carros Volvo

Especíadas de colaboração de tecnologia e design:

• Plataforma de arquitetura de veículos compartilhados
• Investimentos conjuntos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento

Métricas de colaboração	2023 dados
Despesas de P&D compartilhadas	US $ 387 milhões

CATL (tecnologia da bateria)

Detalhes do contrato de fornecimento de bateria:

Parâmetros do contrato	Especificação
Volume anual de suprimento de bateria	10 GWh até 2025
Valor do contrato	US $ 650 milhões

Fornecedores automotivos globais

• Bosch - componentes eletrônicos
• Continental - Sistemas de trem de força
• Magna International - Suporte de fabricação

Fornecedor	Valor do contrato (2023)
Bosch	US $ 215 milhões
Continental	US $ 180 milhões

Provedores de infraestrutura de cobrança

Parceiro	Cobertura de rede	Valor da parceria
ChargePoint	47.000 estações de carregamento	US $ 95 milhões
Eletrifice a América	3.500 locais de carregamento	US $ 78 milhões

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negócios: Atividades -chave

Projeto de veículo elétrico e engenharia

A Polestar investiu US $ 124,5 milhões em P&D para design de veículos elétricos em 2023. A equipe de engenharia compreende 487 profissionais especializados em centros de design em Gotemburgo, Suécia e Xangai, China.

Localização do design	Equipe de engenharia	Investimento anual de P&D
Gotemburgo, Suécia	267 engenheiros	US $ 68,3 milhões
Xangai, China	220 engenheiros	US $ 56,2 milhões

Desenvolvimento avançado de tecnologia de bateria

A pesquisa em tecnologia de bateria focou no desenvolvimento de sistemas de bateria de íons de lítio de alto desempenho com densidade de energia atual de 250 wh/kg.

• Investimento anual de tecnologia da bateria: US $ 92,7 milhões
• Equipe de pesquisa de bateria: 156 engenheiros especializados
• Densidade de energia da bateria atual: 250 wh/kg

Fabricação e montagem de veículos elétricos

Capacidade de produção nas instalações de fabricação na China e na Coréia do Sul.

Local de fabricação	Capacidade de produção anual	Volume de produção atual (2023)
Hangzhou, China	50.000 veículos	38.475 veículos
Incheon, Coréia do Sul	30.000 veículos	22.650 veículos

Inovação de software e plataforma digital

A Polestar dedicou US $ 45,6 milhões à plataforma digital e ao desenvolvimento de software em 2023.

• Equipe de engenharia de software: 213 profissionais
• Orçamento de desenvolvimento de plataformas digitais: US $ 45,6 milhões
• Plataformas de software proprietárias: 3 sistemas principais

Marketing global e posicionamento da marca

Despesas de marketing e detalhes da presença da marca global.

Região de marketing	Orçamento de marketing	Número de mercados
Europa	US $ 37,2 milhões	22 países
América do Norte	US $ 28,5 milhões	12 países
Ásia-Pacífico	US $ 32,8 milhões	15 países

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negócios: Recursos -chave

Plataforma avançada de tecnologia de veículos elétricos

A plataforma de tecnologia da Polestar inclui as seguintes especificações importantes:

Componente de tecnologia	Especificação
Arquitetura de veículos elétricos	Plataforma elétrica de desempenho premium
Tecnologia da bateria	CATL Células de íon de lítio de alta densidade
Faixa de capacidade da bateria	78 kWh a 100 kWh
Alcance por carga	270-350 milhas

Design e Talento de Engenharia

Composição da força de trabalho de engenharia da Polestar:

• Funcionários totais de P&D: 1.200
• Engenheiros com diplomas avançados: 68%
• Centros Globais de P&D: 3 (Suécia, China, Estados Unidos)

Portfólio de propriedade intelectual

Categoria IP	Número de patentes
Patentes do trem de força elétricos	87
Patentes de tecnologia da bateria	42
Patentes de infraestrutura de cobrança	23

Instalações de fabricação sustentáveis

Detalhes da infraestrutura de fabricação:

• Local de fabricação primária: Chengdu, China
• Capacidade anual de produção: 65.000 veículos
• Compromisso de fabricação neutra de carbono: até 2030

Investimentos financeiros estratégicos

Métrica financeira	Quantia
Investimento de capital total 2023	US $ 487 milhões
Despesas de P&D	US $ 276 milhões
Investimento de infraestrutura de fabricação	US $ 210 milhões

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negócios: proposições de valor

Veículos elétricos premium e focados no desempenho

A Polestar oferece veículos elétricos de alto desempenho com especificações específicas do modelo:

Modelo	Faixa de preço	Faixa	Aceleração (0-60 mph)
Polestar 2	$48,400 - $67,400	270-320 milhas	4,3 segundos
Polestar 3	$83,900 - $95,300	300-370 milhas	4,0 segundos

Soluções de mobilidade sustentáveis ​​e ambientalmente conscientes

• Alvo de redução da pegada de carbono: 50% até 2030
• Uso de materiais reciclados na produção de veículos: 17%
• Fornecimento responsável verificado em blockchain de materiais de bateria

Design de ponta e inovação tecnológica

Investimentos e inovações de tecnologia:

Tecnologia	Investimento	Ano de implementação
Tecnologia avançada de bateria	US $ 350 milhões	2024
Sistemas autônomos orientados por IA	US $ 275 milhões	2025

Modelo de vendas direto ao consumidor

Repartição do canal de vendas:

Canal de vendas	Percentagem	Volume anual
Vendas diretas on -line	62%	38.500 veículos
Showrooms de marca	38%	23.700 veículos

Experiência de marca minimalista e baseada em tecnologia

• Índice de percepção da marca: 8.2/10
• Plataformas de interação digital: 4 sistemas integrados
• Classificação de satisfação do cliente: 93%

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negócios: Relacionamentos do cliente

Engajamento digital-primeiro do cliente

A Polestar utiliza uma abordagem digital primeiro, com 87% das interações com clientes acontecendo através de canais digitais a partir do quarto trimestre 2023. A plataforma digital da empresa suporta o envolvimento do cliente em 22 mercados globais.

Métrica de engajamento digital	2023 desempenho
Interações online	87%
Mercados digitais globais	22
Downloads de aplicativos móveis	275,000

Configuração online e plataforma de vendas direta

Polestar opera a plataforma de vendas online totalmente integrada com modelo de vendas direto ao consumidor.

• Configuração 100% de veículo digital disponível
• Opção de compra online direta
• Transparência de preços em tempo real

Suporte personalizado ao cliente

Os canais de suporte ao cliente incluem pontos de contato digitais e físicos com disponibilidade 24/7.

Canal de suporte	Tempo de resposta
Chat online	Média 3,2 minutos
Suporte por e -mail	Dentro de 8 horas
Suporte telefônico	Disponível 24/7

Processo de preços e compras transparentes

Polestar mantém um Estratégia de preços fixos sem modelo de negociação.

• Preços fixos em todos os mercados
• Sem marcas de revendedor
• Transparência completa de preços on -line

Interação da marca orientada pela comunidade

Métricas de engajamento da comunidade digital para 2023:

Plataforma de mídia social	Contagem de seguidores
Instagram	412,000
LinkedIn	185,000
Twitter/x	98,000

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negócios: Canais

Plataforma de vendas direta online

A Polestar opera uma plataforma de vendas on -line direta com as seguintes métricas principais:

Métrica da plataforma	2024 dados
Países de configuração online	22 países
Taxa de conclusão do pedido digital	68% do total de vendas
Valor médio de transação online	US $ 63.500 por veículo

Centros de experiência da marca Polestar

A Polestar mantém uma rede estratégica de centros de experiência de marca:

• Centros de experiência global total: 150
• Países com centros de experiência: 18
• Tamanho central médio: 800 metros quadrados

Selecione concessionárias automotivas

A Polestar colabora com o Select Automotive Partners:

Métrica da rede de concessionárias	2024 dados
Concessionárias parceiras	287 Locais globais
Marcas de parceiros primários	Volvo, Grupo Automotivo Geely

Canais de marketing digital

Alcance de marketing digital da Polestar:

• Seguidores de mídia social: 1,2 milhão
• Plataformas primárias: Instagram, LinkedIn, YouTube
• Gastes de anúncios digitais: US $ 14,3 milhões anualmente

Demonstrações de produtos virtuais

Métricas de engajamento virtual:

Métrica de demonstração virtual	2024 dados
Unidades de teste virtuais mensais	22.500 sessões
Duração média da sessão virtual	37 minutos
Taxa de conversão de compra virtual para real	16%

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negócios: segmentos de clientes

Profissionais urbanos com experiência em tecnologia

Em 2023, os profissionais urbanos alvo da Polestar com idades entre 30 e 45 anos com renda anual doméstica de US $ 150.000+. A pesquisa de mercado indica que 62% desse segmento prioriza a integração da tecnologia em veículos.

Características demográficas	Percentagem
Faixa etária	30-45 anos
Renda média anual	$150,000
Preferência de tecnologia	62%

Consumidores ambientais de alta renda

O segmento -alvo da Polestar inclui consumidores com renda anual acima de US $ 250.000 que priorizam a sustentabilidade. Em 2023, 48% dos compradores de carros de luxo consideraram o impacto ambiental nas decisões de compra.

• Renda familiar média: US $ 250.000+
• Taxa de consideração ambiental: 48%
• Mercado de veículos de luxo sustentável: US $ 12,4 bilhões (2023)

ADOPTADORES DE VEÍCULOS ELÉTRICOS

Em 2023, os primeiros adotantes de VE representaram 22% do mercado global de veículos elétricos, com idade média de 35 a 50 e renda mediana de US $ 185.000.

Métricas de adoção de VE	Valor
Quota de mercado	22%
Idade mediana	35-50 anos
Renda mediana	$185,000

Entusiastas de carros de desempenho

Os entusiastas de carros de desempenho representam um segmento-chave para a Polestar, com 35% interessados ​​em veículos elétricos de alto desempenho. Gastos médios em veículos de desempenho: US $ 85.000.

• Interesse EV de desempenho: 35%
• Gastos médios de veículo: US $ 85.000
• Mercado global de carros de desempenho: US $ 47,6 bilhões (2023)

Mercado de luxo focado na sustentabilidade

O mercado de luxo focado na sustentabilidade atingiu US $ 18,5 bilhões em 2023, com a Polestar visando os consumidores dispostos a investir em veículos elétricos premium com um impacto ambiental mínimo.

Sustentabilidade segmento de luxo	Métricas
Tamanho de mercado	US $ 18,5 bilhões
Disposição de compra premium EV	41%
Custo médio do veículo	$78,500

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negócios: estrutura de custos

Investimentos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento

Para o ano fiscal de 2023, a Polestar registrou despesas de P&D de US $ 317,2 milhões, representando 16,4% da receita total.

Categoria de P&D	Valor do investimento (USD)
Desenvolvimento do trem de força elétrico	US $ 128,5 milhões
Tecnologia da bateria	US $ 95,7 milhões
Software e sistemas autônomos	US $ 93,0 milhões

Custos de fabricação e produção

As despesas totais de fabricação em 2023 foram de US $ 742,6 milhões, com um custo de produção por veículo de aproximadamente US $ 55.000.

• Instalações de produção na China: local de fabricação primária
• Capacidade anual de produção: 65.000 veículos
• Overhead de fabricação por veículos por veículos: US $ 8.500

Desenvolvimento da tecnologia de bateria

O investimento em tecnologia da bateria em 2023 totalizou US $ 95,7 milhões, concentrando -se em melhorar a densidade de energia e reduzir os custos de produção.

Foco na tecnologia da bateria	Alocação de investimento
Melhoria da densidade de energia	US $ 45,3 milhões
Pesquisa de redução de custos	US $ 35,2 milhões
Materiais de bateria sustentáveis	US $ 15,2 milhões

Marketing global e posicionamento da marca

As despesas de marketing de 2023 foram de US $ 156,4 milhões, representando 8,1% da receita total.

• Orçamento de marketing digital: US $ 68,3 milhões
• Marketing de evento e patrocínio: US $ 42,1 milhões
• Publicidade tradicional: US $ 46,0 milhões

Cadeia de suprimentos e despesas de logística

Os custos totais da cadeia de suprimentos e logística de 2023 totalizaram US $ 287,5 milhões.

Categoria de logística	Valor de despesas (USD)
Fornecimento de componentes	US $ 142,6 milhões
Transporte e envio	US $ 87,3 milhões
Armazenamento de armazenamento e inventário	US $ 57,6 milhões

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Modelo de negócios: fluxos de receita

Vendas de veículos elétricos

A Polestar registrou entregas totais de veículos de 54.600 unidades em 2023, gerando receita automotiva de US $ 1,86 bilhão. Os modelos primários incluem Polestar 2 e Polestar 3.

Modelo	Preço médio de venda	2023 Volume de vendas
Polestar 2	$55,300	47.000 unidades
Polestar 3	$84,500	7.600 unidades

Modelo de vendas direto ao consumidor

O canal de vendas on -line representou 65% do total de transações de veículos em 2023. A abordagem de vendas direta elimina intermediários tradicionais de concessionária.

• Tempo médio de transação online: 37 minutos
• A plataforma de configuração digital cobre 12 mercados globais
• As vendas diretas reduziram os custos de distribuição em aproximadamente 18%

Serviços de assinatura e leasing

A Polestar oferece modelos de propriedade flexíveis com taxas mensais de assinatura que variam de US $ 659 a US $ 1.099, dependendo do modelo e da configuração.

Tipo de serviço	Custo mensal	Recursos incluídos
Arrendamento padrão	$659	Manutenção básica, 12.000 milhas/ano
Aluguel premium	$1,099	Manutenção completa, 15.000 milhas/ano

Peças de reposição e acessórios

A receita de pós -venda atingiu US $ 42,3 milhões em 2023, representando 2,2% do total de receita automotiva.

• Kits de atualização de desempenho: $ 1.200 - $ 3.500
• Pacotes de personalização externa: US $ 750 - US $ 2.300
• Pacotes de acessórios de interiores: $ 450 - $ 1.800

Potenciais serviços futuros de mobilidade

Receita de Serviço de Mobilidade Projetada estimada em US $ 75-90 milhões até 2025, incluindo desenvolvimento de tecnologia de direção autônoma e potenciais serviços de gerenciamento de frotas.

Categoria de serviço	Receita anual projetada	Ano de lançamento alvo
Plataforma de direção autônoma	US $ 45-55 milhões	2025
Soluções de gerenciamento de frota	US $ 30-35 milhões	2026

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Value Propositions

Premium electric performance with distinct Scandinavian design.

The product offering is anchored by performance figures and a design language rooted in Scandinavian minimalism. You see this reflected in the model mix, where the higher-priced Polestar 3 and Polestar 4 accounted for 65% of the retail sale volume in the first nine months of 2025, up from well over 50% of the volume in the first half of 2025.

The performance envelope continues to expand with the highly anticipated Polestar 5 GT, scheduled for launch in the second half of 2025. This model utilizes an advanced 800V platform architecture and is engineered to deliver 884 horsepower.

The product range is actively addressing multiple luxury EV segments, including the forthcoming Polestar 7, designed as a premium compact SUV intended to replace the Polestar 2 around 2027.

Clear sustainability roadmap (Polestar 0 project, climate-neutral by 2040).

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC has set a long-term ambition to become a fully climate-neutral company by 2040. The core of this is the Polestar 0 project, which aims to develop a truly climate-neutral car by 2030 without relying on carbon offsets.

The Polestar 0 project timeline shows the Research phase concluding in 2025, transitioning into the Applied Sciences phase from 2025 to 2027, followed by Production Development from 2027 to 2029, with production start targeted for Summer 2030.

The company has already achieved significant progress toward its climate goals, having reduced greenhouse gas emissions per vehicle sold by 25% since 2020. This is part of a commitment to halve per-vehicle greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.

The financial results for the first nine months of 2025 show a notable contribution from environmental compliance, with carbon credit sales totaling $123 million, compared to almost no sales a year earlier. Specifically, $104 million was booked in revenue under the new EU pooling agreement, with an additional $19 million booked in other operating income.

The sustainability commitment is quantified by these figures:

Sustainability Metric	Target/Value	Period/Context
Climate Neutral Company Target	2040	Value Chain
Climate Neutral Car Target (Polestar 0)	2030	Production
GHG Emissions Reduction Achieved	25%	Since 2020 (per vehicle sold)
GHG Emissions Reduction Target	Halve	By 2030 (per vehicle sold)
Carbon Credit Sales (9M 2025)	$123 million	Total recognized
Polestar 0 Project Phase (Applied Sciences)	2025 - 2027	Timeline milestone

Seamless digital experience via Google-integrated infotainment.

Access to smart home charging and energy management (Polestar Energy).

The Polestar Energy app is designed to lower the total cost of ownership. By integrating with tariffs like Intelligent Octopus Go, the app enables smart charging for as low as 7p/kWh between the hours of 11:30 pm and 05:30 am, aiming to reduce home charging costs by up to 70%.

The company is also rolling out advanced energy features. Bi-directional vehicle-to-home (V2H) charging offers were launched in the United States for Polestar 3 customers in California, utilizing the Ara Home Energy Station, which provides blackout support of up to 2.5 days without rationing.

The Polestar Charge network provides broad access for drivers:

• Direct access to over 900,000 individual charging points across Europe via the standard offer.
• The Polestar Charge Subscription in the UK costs £11.99 per month.
• In the UK, subscribers receive a 30% discount at 5,854 charging points.
• In Germany, the network includes 8,396 charging points from six providers with a 30% discount.

Expanding product range addressing multiple luxury EV segments.

The commercial transformation is supported by an expanding and strategically segmented product portfolio. The company is moving toward a unified architecture to reduce complexity and capital investments, following the introduction of new models.

Key product data points as of late 2025 reporting:

The Polestar 3 and Polestar 4 models are central to current volume, representing 65% of the 44,482 retail sales volume in the first nine months of 2025. The company's revenue for this nine-month period reached $2,171 million, a growth of 48.8% year-over-year, driven by these higher-priced models.

The operational footprint is also expanding to align with target markets. The non-China dealer network grew by 40% to 169 sales points by the end of the second quarter of 2025. Furthermore, the forthcoming Polestar 7 compact SUV will be the brand's first vehicle produced in Europe.

Here are the key models and their associated metrics:

Model	Key Feature/Metric	Context/Value
Polestar 5 GT	884 horsepower	Scheduled for H2 2025 launch
Polestar 3/4 Volume Share	65%	Of 9M 2025 retail sales volume
Polestar 7	New entry-level compact SUV	First Polestar vehicle produced in Europe
Polestar 3 V2H Availability	Yes	Initially for California customers

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Customer Relationships

You're looking at how Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC connects with the people buying their vehicles as of late 2025. The strategy has clearly pivoted from a pure digital approach to a hybrid one, driven by the need to hit aggressive growth targets.

Direct-to-consumer online sales model for transparency

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC maintains the direct-to-consumer online channel, which allows customers to configure and order their vehicles digitally, supporting the initial vision of transparency. However, this model is now explicitly presented as an option alongside physical retail, as the company targets a compound annual retail sales volume growth of 30-35% from 2025 to 2027. The shift away from an online-only strategy was deemed necessary because online sales alone could not achieve this growth goal. For context on the volume shift, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC sold just under 45,000 cars worldwide in the previous year (specifically 44,851 units). The first half of 2025 saw retail sales total 30,319 cars, a 51% year-over-year increase, showing the impact of the evolving channel strategy.

Personalized engagement through expanding physical Polestar Spaces

The physical presence, branded as Polestar Spaces, remains central for initial impressions and product experience, even as the ordering process evolves. The company is actively expanding this footprint. Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC planned to expand its retail spaces in Europe from 70 to 130 locations and in North America from 36 to 57 locations. In the first half of 2025 alone, sales points, excluding China, grew by 48 sites, representing a 39.7% increase, signaling rapid physical network acceleration. The CEO noted that with an average of five new sales points opening per month in the second quarter of 2025, they are making it easier for more customers to experience a Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC vehicle.

Active selling model via new retail partners for better reach

The transition to an 'active selling model' involves a greater role for retail partners, moving beyond the initial model where Spaces primarily provided information before directing orders online. This new model, which started in March 2025, includes partners being authorized to sell vehicles under a non-genuine agency structure in some markets. This push for broader reach is evident in the expansion metrics:

• Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC signed up a total of 26 new retail partners in H1 2025.
• The brand entered seven new markets in 2025, including France, which became the 28th market for the brand.
• The UK retail network, which began with a small number of locations, was targeted to double within the next 18 months.

This channel evolution is directly tied to financial performance; the Q2 2025 retail sales of 18,049 cars, a 38% jump year-over-year, is attributed in part to this retail network expansion.

After-sales service network supported by Volvo Cars service centers

Customer service relies heavily on the established infrastructure of its partner, Volvo Cars. While customers may not be expected to visit a Volvo showroom for sales, the after-sales support leverages this existing network. Volvo service centers are equipped to work on Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC vehicles, given the shared platforms. The structure includes a coordinated collection and delivery service for servicing, which the driver can book via a mobile app. The service points metric, which represents Volvo Cars service centers, is tracked as part of the overall commercial footprint supporting international expansion. For fleet customers, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC historically priced the vehicle to include delivery and three years of servicing, with Volvo dealers paid by Polestar to manage the delivery, collection, and courtesy car provision.

Here's a quick look at the physical footprint growth supporting these relationships as of mid-2025:

Metric	European Target	North American Target	H1 2025 Growth (Ex-China)
Sales Areas/Locations	130 (from 70)	57 (from 36)	48 sites (39.7% increase)

If onboarding takes 14+ days, churn risk rises, so the pace of adding these physical touchpoints is critical.

Finance: draft 13-week cash view by Friday.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Channels

You're looking at how Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC gets its vehicles and services into the hands of customers as of late 2025. The strategy blends digital direct sales with a growing physical presence, supported by digital services.

Direct-to-consumer e-commerce platform remains a core channel. Customers maintain the ability to configure their electric vehicle (BEV) online and proceed with the purchase directly through this established digital sales channel, offering a clear choice alongside physical touchpoints. This digital route is central to the direct-to-consumer approach.

The physical channel relies on the global network of Polestar Spaces. These are not traditional showrooms; they are carefully sculpted retail environments. Polestar is actively expanding this footprint to meet its growth targets, which include specific goals for Europe and North America.

Region	Current/Planned Spaces (Late 2025)	2026 Target (Global)
Europe	Planned expansion to 130 Spaces	187 Total Locations (75% increase from 106 in 2024)
North America	Planned expansion to 57 Spaces (from 36)

The transition in Europe involves a shift to a non-genuine agency sales model, which still supports the online configuration and ordering process. Furthermore, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is building out its physical network through partnerships.

For example, in the first half of 2025, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC signed up a total of 26 new retail partners. The company is working very closely with the Volvo network as part of its expansion strategy in certain markets, such as the US, where they utilize independent authorized dealers for direct-to-business sales support.

Digital services extend beyond the point of sale. Polestar is launching its energy business, Polestar Energy, which utilizes the Polestar Energy app to enhance the ownership experience. This service is launching in eleven key European markets, including the UK, Germany, and Sweden. The core value proposition of this channel is helping customers reduce their home charging costs by up to 30% through smarter charging management and grid support.

• Polestar Energy app aims to cut home charging costs by up to 30%.
• Service launched in eleven initial European markets by early 2025.
• The service is expected to become another important pillar of the Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC business.

Finance: draft 13-week cash view by Friday.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Customer Segments

You're looking at the core groups Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is targeting as it pushes for profitability in 2025. The company is clearly segmenting its market based on affluence, environmental commitment, performance desire, and business needs.

Affluent, design-conscious consumers in Europe and North America represent a primary target, especially for the Polestar 2. For the 2025 model year in the United States, the Polestar 2 lineup consolidated into one high-performance, well-equipped, and sporty model, which starts at an MSRP of $66,200. This pricing places it squarely against established luxury badges like BMW, which is a deliberate choice to capture buyers willing to pay a premium for Scandinavian design and a distinct EV identity. Europe remains the core market, accounting for the lion's share of Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC sales.

Environmentally-aware early adopters of premium EV technology are the foundation that has driven Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC's growth trajectory. These customers are responding to the brand's focus on uncompromised design and innovation alongside sustainability commitments, such as the goal to achieve climate neutrality across its value chain by 2040. The success of this segment is visible in the volume metrics: Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC reported retail sales volumes of approximately 30,319 cars for the first half of 2025, a 51% growth compared to the first six months of 2024. This indicates a growing base of consumers actively choosing premium electric mobility.

Commercial fleets and business customers seeking premium EVs are being courted through an Active Sales Model. This model gives commercial fleets a choice between the established direct-to-consumer online sales channel and an expanding network of retail partners. Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is also monetizing its sustainability focus through business channels; for the first nine months of 2025, the company achieved carbon credits sales totaling $123 million, exceeding its three-digit million-dollar target ahead of schedule. The Polestar 3 and Polestar 4 models were significant drivers of order intake in late 2024, suggesting strong business interest in their SUV/crossover offerings.

The final key segment targets High-performance luxury buyers, primarily being addressed by the launch of the Polestar 5 four-door GT in the second half of 2025. This model is engineered to deliver an impressive 884 horsepower, positioning it as a direct competitor to top-tier luxury performance EVs like the Porsche Taycan and Tesla Model S. The Polestar 5 is intended to act as a brand shaper, attracting affluent buyers who prioritize both high performance and sustainability, reinforcing the premium positioning Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is aiming for.

Here's a quick look at the scale of the customer base and key financial metrics relevant to these segments as of late 2025:

Metric	Value (2025 Fiscal Data)	Period/Context
Retail Sales Volume (H1)	30,319 cars	First Half of 2025
Retail Sales Volume (Q3)	Estimated 14,192 cars	Third Quarter of 2025
Revenue (9 Months Ended Sept 30)	USD 2,171 million	First Nine Months of 2025
Carbon Credits Sales	USD 123 million	First Nine Months of 2025
Polestar 2 Starting MSRP (US)	$66,200	2025 Model Year
Polestar 5 Horsepower	884 hp	Target specification for the 2025 launch

The company's commercial expansion efforts are directly supporting the reach into these segments:

• Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC operates in 27 markets globally across North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific.
• The company planned to enter seven new markets in 2025, including France, Poland, and Thailand.
• Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC is expanding its retail footprint, planning to grow from 36 to 57 retail spaces in North America alone.
• The shift to an agency sales model is being implemented across key European markets like Sweden and Norway.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Cost Structure

You're looking at the hard numbers that drive Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC's expenses right now, late in 2025. It's a picture dominated by high costs associated with scaling up production and managing a significant financial structure. Honestly, the balance sheet tells a story of heavy investment and the resulting financial obligations.

The Cost of Sales has been severely impacted by one-off charges. For the second quarter of 2025, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC booked a non-cash impairment expense of $739 million, specifically related to the Polestar 3 CGU (Cash Generating Unit). This single event heavily skewed the reported gross margin. For the first half of 2025, the reported gross margin stood at a negative 49.4%. The Cost of Sales for the second quarter alone was reported at $701.1 million.

The path to new models requires substantial upfront spending. Research and Development (R&D) expenses were noted as higher in the first half of 2025 due to a lower capitalization rate. Capital expenditure, reflected in negative investing cash flows, consumed $321.675 million in the six months ending June 30, 2025. To manage this, the company announced a reduction of R&D staff as part of a strategy to use existing architectures from Geely Group for future models.

Manufacturing and logistics costs present ongoing friction. The higher Cost of Sales in the first half of 2025 was linked to increased production costs for the Polestar 3 and Polestar 4, alongside higher tariffs. The US tariffs implemented in 2025 and EU tariffs from October 2024 on components and vehicles imported from China introduced new headwinds for Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC's global operations. Pressure on pricing and adjustments of inventory to net realizable value also impacted the Adjusted Gross Margin in the first nine months of 2025.

Selling, General, and Administrative (SG&A) expenses are actively being managed. The company has been implementing a cost discipline program, which includes streamlining SG&A activities. This optimization, driven by lower fixed marketing expenses and lower headcount, helped contribute to an improvement in Adjusted EBITDA in the first half of 2025.

Financing the operations means dealing with a substantial debt load. As of the quarter ending June 30, 2025, Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC reported Total Debt of approximately $5.65 billion. This level is near the maximum quarterly financial indebtedness covenant of $5.5 billion that the company must comply with under certain financing instruments. The Long-Term Debt component specifically stood at $2.43 billion as of that same date. This debt burden, mentioned in reports as being around $5.1 billion, sits against Total Liabilities of approximately $7.91 billion as of June 30, 2025.

Here are some key figures related to the cost base as of mid-2025:

Cost/Liability Category	Financial Metric	Amount (USD)	Period/Date
Cost of Sales	Reported Cost of Sales	$701.1 million	Q2 2025
Impairment Expense	Non-cash Impairment Charge (Polestar 3)	$739 million	Q2 2025
Gross Margin	Reported Gross Margin	(97.2)%	Q2 2025
Gross Margin	Reported Gross Margin (H1)	(49.4)%	First Half 2025
Investing Activities	Negative Cash Flow from Investing	$321.675 million	Six Months Ended 06/30/2025
Debt Burden	Total Debt	$5.65 billion	06/30/2025
Debt Burden	Maximum Quarterly Financial Indebtedness Covenant	$5.5 billion	As per financing instruments
Debt Burden	Long-Term Debt	$2.43 billion	06/30/2025
Liabilities	Total Liabilities	$7.91 billion	06/30/2025

The company is actively managing fixed costs, including labor costs associated with its own employees and full-time consultants through organizational restructuring. Also, carbon credit sales provided a partial offset, totaling $123 million for the first nine months of 2025.

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC (PSNY) - Canvas Business Model: Revenue Streams

You're looking at the core ways Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC brings in money as of late 2025. It's a mix of core product sales and some unique, high-margin environmental credits that have become quite important to the top line.

Vehicle Sales remain the primary engine for Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC's revenue generation. The momentum from new model introductions, specifically the Polestar 3 and Polestar 4, has been a key driver in increasing the overall revenue figure, despite pricing pressure in the market environment. The shift to an active selling model, utilizing Volvo's dealer network, also helped push volumes through.

The quantified performance for the first nine months of 2025 clearly shows this reliance:

Revenue Stream Component	Period Ended September 30, 2025
Total Revenue	USD 2,171 million
Vehicle Sales Revenue (Implied)	USD 2,171 million
Sales of CO2 Credits	USD 123 million

Sales of CO2 Credits have become a significant, albeit potentially less predictable, component of the total revenue picture. Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC achieved its target of three-digit million-dollar carbon credits sales ahead of plan for the first nine months of 2025. This stream was minimal in the prior year, contrasting sharply with the current figures.

• $\text{CO}_2$ Credits Revenue (9M 2025): USD 123 million.
• $\text{CO}_2$ Credits Revenue (Q3 2025 only): USD 33 million.
• $\text{CO}_2$ Credits Revenue (H1 2025 only): USD 72 million.

Vehicle Financing through Polestar Financial Services is an expected component, often supporting vehicle sales through leasing and loan arrangements. While the company reported incurring residual value guarantee costs related to North American markets, specific, standalone revenue figures for Polestar Financial Services offerings for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, were not explicitly detailed separately from the main revenue line in the latest public summaries.

Aftermarket and Accessories sales, which would include items from the Additionals shop, are typically bundled within the overall revenue reporting for automotive companies unless they reach a significant threshold to be broken out. No specific financial amount for sales through the Additionals shop for the period ending late 2025 has been separately disclosed.

Energy Services, stemming from emerging platforms like the Polestar Energy platform, represent a future-facing revenue stream. As this is described as an emerging area, concrete, quantified revenue figures for the first nine months of 2025 are not available in the primary financial disclosures reviewed.

Finance: draft 13-week cash view by Friday.